21 In the setting of interstitial nephritis, contrast imaging of affected kidneys can sometimes produce a CT99021 cell line characteristic striated nephrogram.15 A less-common renal manifestation of sarcoidosis is that of an apparent renal mass. On imaging, renal sarcoidosis can mimic lymphoma, but the differential diagnosis includes tuberculosis as well as primary or metastatic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical renal cancer.21 Treatment The treatment of sarcoidosis largely

depends on its severity. Most patients will see spontaneous resolution of the disease within 2 years.19 However, for patients with unresolving sarcoidosis, severe or acute symptoms, or disease affecting function of a major organ system, medical treatment is usually initiated. In general, corticosteroids ameliorate Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical radiographic, symptomatic, and metabolic manifestations of disease.12 Ketoconazole has also shown potential to lower vitamin D and calcium levels in patients with abnormalities of calcium metabolism.12 For sarcoidosis of the genitourinary tract, considerations of malignancy and fertility must also be considered. Because of the unpredictable nature of epididymal involvement, a screening

semen analysis is recommended on diagnosis of sarcoidosis in patients concerned with future fertility, with a low threshold Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical for repeat tests or sperm banking before or during treatment. In the setting of severe oligospermia or azoospermia, pulsed steroid therapy may allow improvement in sperm counts by causing regression of

obstructive epididymal granulomas.14 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Primary epididymal tumors are almost universally benign, so epididymal involvement of sarcoidosis does not require an aggressive diagnostic approach. The principal concerns pertain to patient symptoms and fertility. In addition to a screening semen analysis and possible sperm banking, proper documentation of size and location should be made with physical examination and scrotal ultrasound. Subsequently, excisional biopsy should be considered if the mass causes bothersome symptoms or is unresponsive to medical treatment. When testicular sarcoid involvement Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical is others suspected, the paramount goals are ruling out malignancy and protecting the patient’s fertility if future conception is desired. Primary testicular masses carry a much higher risk of malignancy than epididymal masses. In light of the possible etiologic link between testicular cancer and sarcoidosis, all patients with a testicular mass and sarcoidosis should be strongly encouraged to undergo an inguinal exploration. Whereas some advocate orchiectomy for all patients with unilateral masses,1,16 others believe that radical orchiectomy should be reserved for diffuse testicular disease, indeterminate pathologic findings, or failed organ preservation.4 At a minimum, an exploration with intraoperative ultrasound, biopsies, and frozen-section analysis should be performed to rule out malignancy.

2007; Kawasaki et al. 2008).

The current data support these prior reports in that increased Fulvestrant datasheet p-p38MAPK IR is present in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and DRG in neuropathic rats, and extend AM1241 characterization as an anti-inflammatory CB2R agonist by demonstrating that AM1241 robustly suppresses p-p38MAPK IR in pain-reversed rats with peripheral neuropathy. Here, utilizing microglial and astrocyticmarkers in the spinal cord dorsal horn in neuropathic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical rats, as assessed by immunofluorescent detection, reveals increased glial responses, in support of prior reports (Schreiber et al. 2008; Obata et al. 2010). Dorsal horn spinal cord astrocyte and microglial responses are recognized Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to mediate pathological pain in a variety of animal models via p-p38MAPK and IL-1β actions (DeLeo et al. 2007; Ji and Suter 2007; Scholz and Woolf 2007). In

the CNS, CB2R mRNA and immunohistochemically identified protein expression is present mostly in spinal microglia (Zhang et al. 2003; Romero–Sandoval and Eisenach 2007; Cabral et al. 2008; Romero–Sandoval et al. 2008a; Racz et al. 2008b), and prior studies reported decreased microglial activation following i.t. administration of CB2R agonists (Romero–Sandoval and Eisenach 2007; Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Romero–Sandoval et al. 2009; Toth et al. 2010). Studies examining spinal cords of transgenic CB2R knockout mice exposed to partial sciatic nerve injury with concurrent neuropathic pain-like behaviors (Racz et al. 2008b) also revealed increased bilateral dorsal horn microglial activation compared to wildtype controls. These results suggest that CB2Rs play a regulatory role in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical microglial activation during peripheral neuropathic

conditions. However, we report that i.t. AM1241 does not inhibit dorsal spinal microglial activation, as assessed by Iba-1 staining, despite full behavioral reversal of CCI-induced allodynia. Upregulation of Iba-1 is widely known to indicate active microglia (Ohsawa et al. 2000; Ibrahim et al. 2010; Kraft et al. 2011). The differences in the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical data results may be that the aminoalkylindole, AM1241, acts in a distinctly different manner than other CB2R agonist compounds, perhaps by inhibiting general spinal proinflammatory processes while leaving microglial Parvulin function intact. Importantly, increased expression of microglial Iba-1 is indicative of ongoing microglial activity, but cannot distinguish anti-inflammatory versus proinflammatory phenotypes. Thus, it is possible that the increased microglial Iba-1 reported here may be a consequence of increased IL-10 and/or mitogen-activated protein phosphatase production, which are negative regulators to several proinflammatory MAPKs (Romero–Sandoval et al. 2009). This notion is supported by a prior in vitro study that demonstrated CB2R ligands enhance IL-10 release from immune stimulated macrophages (Correa et al. 2005).

There was no grant funding or other financial support involved in this study. The original founders of the CRASH trial had no role in this study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The original funding for the CRASH-1 trial was obtained from the UK Medical Research Council.

Competing interests There are no financial, personal or professional interests that could be construed to have Influenced this paper. Authors’ contributions SS, PP, and IR conceived the study. SS and PP created the statistical analysis plan and analyzed the data. EK provided key insight Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in creating an accessible and user-friendly risk score. SS drafted the manuscript, and all authors contributed substantially to its revision. Pre-publication history Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical The pre-publication history

for this paper can be accessed here: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-227X/12/17/prepub
We found 613 cases of splenic rupture meeting the criteria above, 327 of which occurred as the presenting complaint of an underlying disease and 112 of which occurred Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical following a medical procedure. Rupture appeared to occur spontaneously in histologically normal (but not necessarily normal size) spleens in 35 cases and after minor trauma in 23 cases. Medications were implicated in 47 cases, a splenic or adjacent anatomical abnormality in 31 cases and pregnancy or its Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical complications in 38 cases. The most common associated diseases were infectious (n=143), haematologic (n=84) and non-haematologic neoplasms (n=48). Amyloidosis (n=24), internal trauma such as cough or vomiting (n=17) and

rheumatologic diseases (n=10) are less frequently reported. Colonoscopy (n=87) was the procedure reported most frequently as a cause of rupture. The anatomic abnormalities associated with rupture include splenic cysts (n=6), infarction (n=6) and hamartomata (n=5). Medications associated with rupture include anticoagulants (n=21), thrombolytics (n=13) and recombinant G-CSF (n=10). Other causes or associations reported very infrequently Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical include other endoscopy, pulmonary, cardiac or abdominal surgery, hysterectomy, peliosis, empyema, remote pancreato-renal transplant, thrombosed splenic vein, hemangiomata, pancreatic pseudocysts, splenic artery aneurysm, cholesterol embolism, splenic granuloma, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, rib exostosis, pancreatitis, Gaucher’s disease, the Wilson’s disease, pheochromocytoma, afibrinogenemia and ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Conclusions Emergency physicians should be SCR7 nmr attuned to the fact that rupture of the spleen can occur in the absence of major trauma or previously diagnosed splenic disease. The occurrence of such a rupture is likely to be the manifesting complaint of an underlying disease. Furthermore, colonoscopy should be more widely documented as a cause of splenic rupture.

Lateralization for visuospatial memory in the latter group was to the right, the left, or exhibiting a bilateral representation. Means, standard deviations, t-tests, and effect sizes are summarized in Table 3. IWR-1 manufacturer children with language lateralized to the left hemisphere showed significantly better vocabulary and nonword reading skills than children

for whom language was not lateralized to the left hemisphere. However, phonological short-term memory was unrelated to language lateralization (see Table 3). It has been proposed that the development of absolute skill might drive lateralization (Holland et al. 2007; Yamada et al. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 2010). In the case of vocabulary, this would mean that the number of words you know is crucial,

regardless of age. This was not the case. When we repeated the analyses with raw scores for vocabulary (Language Left: M= 109.34, SD= 18.39; Language Other: M= 99.91, SD= 22.43) and nonword reading (Language Left: M= 37.93, SD= 15.17; Language Other: M= Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 32.18, SD= 14.20), we did not find significant differences between groups (vocabulary: t(53) =−1.19, p= .239, r= .16; nonword reading: t(53) =−1.14, p= .260, r= .15). This suggests that children who had language lateralized to the left hemisphere had better vocabulary and nonword reading skills for their age compared with other Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical children. Figure 3 Scatterplots showing associations between cerebral lateralization and vocabulary knowledge (left panel) and non-word reading (right panel). Open symbols indicate children with language production (LP) and visuospatial memory (VSM) lateralized to different Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical … Table 3 Means (standard deviations), independent t-tests, and effect Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical sizes for performance on cognitive and language tests for children with language production lateralized to the left hemisphere (Language Left) or not (Language Other). Discussion

In this study, we assessed cerebral lateralization for language production and visuospatial memory in a group of 60 typically developing children between the ages of six and 16 years. As has been found Tryptophan synthase in fTCD studies in adults (Flöel et al. 2001; Whitehouse and Bishop 2009; Lust et al. 2011a, b; Rosch et al. in press), the majority of children showed left-lateralized activation on the language production task and right-lateralized activation on the visuospatial memory task. Our first aim was to assess whether lateralization changed with age. For the language production task, we did not find any association between the direction or the strength of lateralization and age. This is in agreement with other fTCD studies (Lohmann et al. 2005; Haag et al. 2010; Stroobant et al. 2011), but does not tally with the fMRI work (Gaillard et al. 2000; Holland et al. 2001, 2007; Szaflarski et al. 2006a, b).

Acknowledgments This paper was written with support from the following grants MHCRC: Neurobiology and Phenomenology of the Major Psychoses (MH43271); Phenomenology and the Classification of Schizophrenia (5R01MH031593); MR Imaging in the Major Psychoses (5R01 MH040856); Training in the Neurobiology of Schizophrenia and evaluation with DTI (Magnotta K award); and BRAINS Morphology

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and Image Analysis (5R01 NS050568). The author has no conflict of interest to disclose that is relevant to the subject of this manuscript.
The introduction of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) into neuroscience has instigated a revolution in the magnitude and type of research relating brain function to behavior. Functional MRI (fMRI) has been at the forefront of this effort for several reasons. Before MRI, functional neuroimaging was only feasible with radioisotopic tracers such as oxygen-15 labeled water or fluorine-18 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical labeled deoxy glucose, and the temporal resolution was in minutes. Such a time resolution precludes detailed mapping of cognitive operations that take place over much shorter epochs. In

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical addition to improved temporal resolution down to about 2 to 16 seconds (duration of the “hemodynamic response”), fMRI has provided several other Selleck 5FU advantages relevant to its use in neuroscience: higher spatial resolution, noninvasiveness, lack of ionizing radiation, direct correlation with anatomical imaging, greater repeatability (without limitations of radiation exposure), feasibility in children, and affordability The relative disadvantages are: loud background noise generated by the gradients, need to adapt stimulus Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical presentation and recording of performance to the magnet bore setting, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical low signal-to-noise ratio, lack of quantitation in physiologic units for the most abundant

methods, and the need to exclude individuals with metal in their bodies or who have claustrophobia. With the increased utilization of the method, many of these disadvantages have been addressed through the use of specialized equipment compatible with the MRI environment. As a result, there has been an explosion of studies of fMRI across the neurosciences, both in healthy people and in patients with brain disorders. Blood oxygenation level-dependent see more (BOLD) fMRI This method is the most widely applied in fMRI studies. The technique relies on magnetic susceptibility effects of deoxyhemoglobin, which cause regional signal changes in imaging sequences that are sensitive to susceptibility (eg, echoplanar or routine gradient echo sequences). When the brain is activated by task demands, a net increase in signal intensity is observed in regions activated by the task. This is attributed to a greater increase in regional oxygenated blood flow that exceeds regional oxygen consumption. A variety of pulse sequences can be applied to obtain BOLD measures.

These subtle changes, however, were relatively robust in predicting the longitudinal clinical course; higher Cortisol secretion in the evening or during sleep, a time when the HPA axis is relatively quiescent, was associated with a longer time to recovery from the depressive episode,197 a propensity for recurrence,185,198 and suicide attempts.199 Higher Cortisol secretion also was detected Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in at-risk youth who subsequently developed depression.186,200,201

Another neuroendocrine marker possibly related to depression is growth hormone, which is secreted by the anterior pituitary and follows a circadian pattern with increased secretion during slow-wave sleep. Although Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the precise role of growth hormone secretion in depression is not known, it appears to be a marker of central noradrenergic and serotonergic (5-HT) systems. Reduced growth hormone secretion during sleep has been observed in adult depression,202 but findings in Alpelisib mw children and adolescents have been variable, with some studies showing no differences whereas others showing reduced

or increased secretion.5,170 One study found that depressed children with stressful Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical life events had increased growth hormone secretion compared with their counterparts who did not experience recent stress, suggesting that environmental factors have a moderating influence and also underscoring the need for integrative models in examining the pathophysiology of pediatric depression.203 In another study, depressed adolescents who subsequently

made suicide attempts Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical had increased growth hormone secretion during sleep, and when this group was separated, depressed adolescents manifested blunted growth hormone secretion compared with controls, again highlighting the value of neuroendocrine measures in predicting the longitudinal course in depressed youngsters.204 In contrast to the findings in basal secretion, pharmacological challenge studies documented blunted growth hormone response to a variety of pharmacological agents in depressed children, similar to those reported in depressed Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical adults.205 In contrast, data in adolescents were predominantly negative. Although the sample sizes were modest in these adolescent studies, pubertal changes and gender might account for some variability among child, adolescent, Sodium butyrate and adult samples.5,170 Neuroimaging studies Studies using various neuroimaging techniques provided converging lines of evidence supporting prefrontal cortical-striatal and medial temporolimbic dysfunction in adult depression.206,207 There is a striking paucity of neuroimaging studies in pediatric depression, and existing studies are marked by small sample sizes and inconsistent findings.169,170,208 Within this context, volumetric studies documented reduced left frontal lobe volume, particularly in those with familial depression.

g., hydronephrosis and intestinal malrotation [11-13]. Unfortunately CVS episodes are typically misdiagnosed and there is a 3-8 year delay in see more diagnosis in adults [14,15] and 2.5 year delay in children [16]. Given the problems with diagnosis of this disorder, it is likely that CVS is more common than currently thought. In addition, diagnostic uncertainty may lead to suboptimal acute care. Patients with CVS frequently seek care in, or are referred to, the emergency department (ED) for management of acute episodes of vomiting associated with dehydration and electrolyte disturbances. Anecdotally, we believe that familiarity with Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical this disorder among ED personnel is low. The impact of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical this on acute management

and the quality of the patient

experience is unclear. Aims The aim of our study was to conduct a survey among patients with CVS about their ED experiences, including recognition of CVS by ED personnel and treatment received in the ED. Methods Two questionnaires were designed for patients with CVS who had visited Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical an ED with symptoms of CVS – one for self-completion by adults with CVS (see additional file 1) and a separate questionnaire for caregivers of patients diagnosed with CVS (see additional file 1). Although intended primarily for pediatric patients, the caregiver survey could be completed by a parent or caregiver of an adult CVS patient. The survey included demographic information including age, sex and race. Questions included: the total number of ED visits, number of visits before and after recognition of CVS, number of different EDs visited, referral Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical patterns from the ED, and protocols for care. Recognition of CVS and treatment provided in the ED was also assessed. The respondents Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical included all patients who

visited the CVSA website and was unlikely to be restricted to a particular geographic area or center. The surveys were posted on the Web message board of the Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome Association (CVSA) for a period of three months. Patients or caregivers of patients with any prior ED visit related to CVS were invited to participate. The survey was run on http://www.surveymonkey.com. The site and this survey are fully compliant with the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES) Web-survey guidelines [17]. Patients and caregivers Montelukast Sodium could voluntarily choose to complete the survey and the study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at our institution. Results There were 251 responses, of which 104 (41.4%) were from adults with CVS and 147 (58.6%) were from caregivers of patients with CVS. The majority of patients in both groups were female and Caucasian (Table ​(Table1).1). Most adult patients 55 (57%) initially presented with CVS symptoms to the ED between the ages of 18-40 years and in the caregiver group, 81 (62%) patients first presented to the ED between the ages of 2-11 years.

Although there is no definite explanation for the lack of association of our intervention with better performance, several explanations may be considered. First, this may be due to the relatively small sample size and lack of power. Although the intervention demonstrated a 10% relative increase in performance, this difference did not reach statistical significance; this was true overall and in different subgroups (Figure 3). Second, the intervention was very short, including only two questions the

participants were expected to ask themselves. It is possible that the intensity of this intervention was not high enough to affect performance. This explanation Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical is supported by the finding that stress levels, although decreasing overall during the resuscitation,

did not significantly decrease during the most vulnerable and most stressful period, that is, when CPR was started; this was true in the intention-to-treat and the per protocol analysis. Thus, the intervention may not have been intense enough to influence Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical stress levels to such a degree that stress-induced impairments of performance were successfully countered. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Still, it has to be noted that the effect of the intervention on hands-on time was close to statistical significance (P = .059) in quartile of students that was most highly stressed. Furthermore, if the difference of 5.5 seconds in hands-on time between experimental and control group (and of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 13.1 seconds in the most highly stressed quartile) can be confirmed in future

studies, this would indicate a notable improvement in performance considering the low intensity of the intervention. Interestingly, within this study we found that more leadership statements (such as commands, decisions what and how to do, task distribution among others) were associated with earlier start and longer duration of uninterrupted CPR performance. This validates previous observational research [8] and a randomized controlled trial that demonstrated a benefit from a brief leadership debriefing in terms of CPR performance Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit [5,35]. Within the present trial, the task-focusing strategy did not increase the check details number of leadership statements, which may partly explain the lack of improvement in CPR performance. Perhaps a combination of stress-related and leadership-related instructions would yield stronger results. This study has a number of limitations. The small number of participants included in this study limited the power of our analyses and increased the risk for type II errors. Although previous studies showed that participants rated the simulated resuscitation in a high fidelity simulator as highly realistic [36,37] and also perceived substantial stress [39], participants might still have perceived the simulated resuscitation as less stressful than a real life resuscitation.

The location task might have been relatively easier for participants since there were only four locations (left, right, above, and below) to detect (although presented randomly) in contrast to recognizing unique objects every time. As expected, the object recognition condition showed more

activation in the LITG. In addition, we found significantly increased activation in LIFG, bilateral thalami, and in occipital regions during this task. The increased IT recruitment has been found in previous studies of object recognition (Kanwisher et al. 1996; Gerlach #CP-868596 cell line keyword# et al.; Pietrini et al. 2004). Since the participants were asked to recognize an object and choose a name for it from four alternatives, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical they may engage in semantic characterizations of objects as reflected by the greater activation found in LIFG (Gabrieli et al. 1998; Hirsch et al.). In addition, word searches have also been found to activate the LIFG (Cornelissen et al. 2009). The results of this task revealed that recognizing objects may not be restricted to just the regions of the ventral visual stream, but may also include Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical other cortical and subcortical regions. The thalamus has long been implicated in tasks of object naming in both schizophrenia (Heckers et al. 2000), and in typical individuals (Price et al. 1996). The LIFG

activation seen in this task suggests the involvement of language, especially Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical semantic characterization of objects. In addition, LIFG has also been specifically associated with tasks of covert object naming (Reed et al. 2004), selection of semantic information among competing alternatives (Thompson–Schill et al. 1998; Thompson–Schill et al. 2002; Kan and Thompson–Schill 2004), and in controlled retrieval of semantic knowledge (Wagner et al. 2001; Gold and Buckner 2002; Badre and Wagner 2004; Gold et al. 2005). Thus, our findings suggest that the object recognition task may recruit regions beyond the classic ventral stream areas. Although the activation results, at least in part, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical might support specialized roles for the dorsal and

ventral stream areas in these tasks, it is worth considering Astemizole how these identified areas coordinate with other centers. For instance, the functional and causal interactions of dorsal and ventral visual stream areas were demonstrated to be important in learning tasks (Buchel et al. 1999). The precentral gyrus has been indicated in attention tasks in both schizophrenia and in attention deficit disorders (Dickstein et al. 2006; Dibbets et al. 2010; Sepede et al. 2010). The middle frontal gyrus has also been implicated in top-down attentional control for patients with Alzheimer’s disease (Neufang et al. 2011). Increased connectivity between frontal (LMFG and LPRCN) and parietal (RSPL) regions during location detection may point to the demands in coordinating attention between the possible automatic identification of an object and then locating the position of that object.

2009; Pine et al. 2009). The specific role each region contributes to DD is still controversial. McClure et al. (2004), for example, have argued that immediate or more impulsive and emotional choices are driven by the limbic system, whereas activation in lateral prefrontal, lateral orbitofrontal, and inferior parietal cortex occurs during all trials requiring a decision, and especially more difficult decisions. The between-group Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical analysis of all DD task trials versus SMC trials revealed that, in the face of matched performance,

SZ had significantly less activation than HC in putative executive function areas, inferior frontal, dACC, and posterior parietal cortices; as well as in reward PD0332991 nmr regions such as the ventral striatum and midbrain. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical The results of a recent meta-analysis (Minzenberg et al. 2009) have shown that, in general, executive tasks engage a distributed neural network, prominently including frontal (lateral and medial prefrontal cortex) and posterior parietal cortices and thalamus. The authors of this meta-analysis further report that SZ fail to engage this network to the same extent as HC and speculate

that the findings are consistent with a disruption of a frontal-based cognitive control function. Our data concur with these results and extend Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical them by additionally showing reduced engagement of regions of the reward system during decision making. SZ appear to lack an integrated neural response when making decisions. Abnormal modulations of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical ventral striatum/midbrain regions in SZ have been reported in association with various tasks taping into reward processes such as prediction error (Waltz et al. 2009; Koch et al. 2010), incentive monetary delay (Juckel et al. 2006a,b; Schlagenhauf et al. 2008), and aversive Pavlovian learning (Jensen et al. 2008). However, most of these studies have limited their analyses to regions of the ventral striatum or midbrain, leaving questions of integration with other networks unanswered. Further work will

need to evaluate the specific contribution of cognitive control and reward networks to abnormalities such as those Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical seen in this study. On the other hand, patients showed greater activation in a limited number of regions such as the precuneus, posterior cingulate Idoxuridine gyrus, and insula extending into the frontal operculum and superior temporal gyrus. Perhaps these latter regions of activation served a compensatory role during performance of the DD task, allowing patients to perform similarly to controls in spite of showing blunted activation of putative executive function areas and reward areas. Greater activation in response to other (non-DD) tasks has also been reported in SZ when patient groups were matched on performance and interpreted as compensatory (Callicott et al. 2003; Avsar et al. 2011; Ettinger et al. 2011). On the other hand, the activated regions, the precuneus and posterior cingulate, are regions that are part of the so-called DMN (Gusnard et al. 2001; Raichle et al. 2001; Greicius et al.