Methodical details are described in the Supporting Experimental P

Methodical details are described in the Supporting Experimental Procedures. IL-32 mRNA levels were assessed by quantitative RNA Synthesis inhibitor real-time PCR assays using glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and 18S RNA as the housekeeping genes. Details are given in the Supporting Experimental Procedures. For in vitro experiments the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Huh-7.5 was used.28 Hep3B hepatoma cells (HB-8064, American Type Culture Collection) were used for confirmation experiments. Isolation of CD14+ monocytes was performed as described.29 Please see Supporting Experimental Procedures for cell culture details. Whole cell lysate was

prepared using M-PER mammalian protein extraction reagent according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Pierce, Rockford, IL). Please see Supporting Experimental Procedures for details. For HCV replication assays, IL-32β (Accession No. NM_001012631) and γ (Accession No. NM_001012635) variants were overexpressed using pTarget

mammalian expression vectors (Promega, Madison, WI). Production of the γ-variant was as described.10 Vector efficiency is demonstrated in Fig. 5A. IL-32 was silenced using specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Silencing capacity is demonstrated in Fig. 5B. The HCV-specific siRNA HCV321 (sequence: AGGUCUCGUA GACCGUGCA) was purchased from MWG.30 Please see Supporting Experimental Procedures for details. The construction of a bicistronic reporter virus carrying a firefly-luciferase reporter gene GDC-0449 supplier (pFK-Luc-Jc1) has been reported.31 Luciferase reporter gene activity was quantified to determine transient HCV RNA replication. Production of cell culture-derived HCV is reported in the Supporting Experimental Procedures. Continuous normally distributed variables are represented graphically as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Age, current or past alcohol consumption are summarized by the median

followed by range find more as indicated. To compare the means between groups, analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc Bonferroni was performed. To determine differences between groups not normally distributed, medians were compared using Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance (ANOVA) or the Mann-Whitney U test. The degree of association between variables was assessed using Spearman’s nonparametric correlation. All statistical analyses were carried out using the PASW Statistics 17.0 software package (SPSS, Chicago, IL) and graphical illustrations were prepared using GraphPad Prism v. 5 (http://www.graphpad.com/). The demographic, biochemical, metabolic, and histological characteristics of the 90 study patients with chronic HCV infection used for mRNA studies are summarized in Table 1. The body mass index (BMI) ranged from 18.9 to 40.6 kg/m2. In all, 36% of patients had BMI >25 kg/m2 and 16% had BMI >30 kg/m2.

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