To determine changes in cellular activity within tissues due to v

To determine changes in cellular activity within tissues due to viable or non-viable MAP and the introduction of NP-51 we preformed assays to measure host transcript expression for key inflammatory markers. Host immune cells may produce and store non-specific, pro-inflammatory cytokines in the event of infection and yield more specific cytokines as disease progresses. For these reasons, our evaluation of cytokine transcript concentrations was to determine their active production, YH25448 post MAP infection. These results are highlighted in Figures 3 and 4, respectively. Figure 3 Serum

cytokine abundance relative to controls and associated with chronic MAP infection. Data for male and female animals and time points were combined for each experimental group (n = 24) for these results. Experimental groups analyzed were the following: control animals fed normal chow and uninfected (Control; C); animals fed normal chow and infected with non-viable MAP cells, (Killed-MAP; K-MAP); animals fed normal chow and infected with viable

MAP cells (Live-MAP; L-MAP); animals fed viable probiotics in chow and uninfected (Live NP-51; L-NP-51); animals fed viable probiotics in chow and infected with non- viable MAP cells (K-MAP + L-NP-51); animals fed viable probiotics in chow and infected with viable MAP cells (L-MAP + L-NP-51). Data analysis methods are further described in the data analysis section. Figure 4 Tissue cytokine transcript abundance relative to controls and associated with chronic MAP infection. Data for male and female animals, time points, PX-478 price and tissues (small/large intestine and liver) were combined for each experimental

group (n = 24). Experimental groups analyzed were the following: animal fed normal chow and uninfected (Control; C); animals fed normal chow and infected with non-viable MAP cells, (Killed-MAP; K-MAP); animals fed normal chow and infected with viable MAP cells (Live-MAP; L-MAP); animals fed viable probiotics in chow and uninfected (Live NP-51; L-NP-51); animals fed viable probiotics in chow and infected with non-viable MAP cells ( K-MAP + L-NP-51); until animals fed viable probiotics in chow and infected with viable MAP cells (L-MAP + L-NP-51). Data analysis methods are further described in the data analysis section. With viable MAP (L-MAP) infection, the immune response produced is characteristic of Th1 cell responses to intracellular pathogens with the production of IFN-Υ, IL-6, IL-12 (as described in Figure 3) [1, 2, 8]. In animals that were infected with viable MAP and fed viable probiotics (L- MAP + L-NP-51) – there is IFN-Υ production likely due to intracellular infection by MAP but this response is weaker compared to animals infected only with viable MAP, (see Figure 3). Equally, IL-12 levels are elevated but with NP-51 consumption we again observe a decrease in IL-6 circulation and an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine- TNF-α.

44 mA/cm2, 0 65 V, and 0 44, respectively The power conversion e

44 mA/cm2, 0.65 V, and 0.44, respectively. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) is about 0.41%. For the array of 20 cells, the values of J sc, V oc, and

FF are 0.08 mA/cm2, 6.68 V, and 0.32, respectively, and the resultant PCE is 0.17%. The series resistance (R s) of the single cell and that of the array of 20 cells derived from the inverse slopes of the plots (or dV/dJ when J = 0) [17] are 1.52 × 102 and 5.45 × 104 Ω cm2, respectively. Note that the value of V oc (6.68 V) for the array of 20 cells is quite smaller than the value (13 V) corresponding to the simple addition of V oc for a single cell. This is partially attributed to the non-ideal series connection due to the non-patterned HTM. In addition, the alignment between FTO and the patterned TNP layer may not be perfect, and thus, the active regions become reduced. A better alignment would selleck chemical give a higher voltage. The values of the FF and the PCE also become low, due

to the increase in the leakage current around the sides of the unit cells and the large value of R s associated with more FTO-TNP interfaces and HTM-metal junctions. The photovoltaic performance can be improved, in principle, by tailoring the materials themselves, patterning the solid-state electrolyte, aligning accurately the FTO and the TNP patterns, and optimizing device KPT-330 manufacturer parameters and geometries. It should be emphasized that our work provides a new route to the construction of TNP patterns of a few micrometers thick in a simple and reliable way. Figure 4 Current–voltage curves of SS-DSSCs. Current–voltage curves of (a) a single cell and (b) an array of 20 SS-DSSCs measured under the illumination of a simulated AM 1.5 G solar light (100 mW/cm2). The inset shows the fabricated array of 20 SS-DSSCs with a total length of 2.0 cm and width of 2.4 cm. Conclusions We presented how a functional layer of the nanoparticles can be patterned for use in hybrid electronic and optoelectronic devices in a simple, cost-effective, and

contamination-free way. The underlying concept comes from the lift-off process of the transfer-printed patterns of a fluorous sacrificial layer and Phospholipase D1 the soft-cure treatment of the nanoparticles for fixation. As an example, an array of the SS-DSSCs with a micropatterned TNP layer of several micrometers thick was demonstrated for high-voltage source applications. The array of 20 SS-DSSCs connected in series showed an open-circuit voltage exceeding 6 V. It is concluded that the micropatterning approach presented here will be applicable for a wide range of diverse nanoparticles to be employed in optical, electronic, and sensing devices. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea under the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of Korea through the grant 2011–0028422. References 1. O’Regan B, Grätzel M: A low-cost, high-efficiency solar-cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO 2 films. Nature 1991, 353:737–740.CrossRef 2.

The following special section features some of the exciting work

The following special section features some of the exciting work of these pioneers of family therapy in China, discussing such

topics as the profile of the Chinese therapist, factors that affect therapeutic alliance, comparisons between Chinese and German therapists, the role of family functioning and social support with depressed clients in China, and a unique systemic approach to helping PRI-724 price a family with a member with adult mental illness. These articles give us a unique perspective on the important work occurring in Chinese family therapy, as well as an indication of what the future holds. I hope the reader might find, IKK inhibitor as we did during our delegation across China a decade ago, that there is more to know about China (and the practice of therapy) than we thought we knew. Reference Miller, J. K., & Fang, X. (2012). Marriage and family therapy in the People’s Republic of China: Current issues and challenges. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 23, 173–183.CrossRef”
“Erratum to: Contemp Fam Ther (2013) 35:1–13 DOI 10.1007/s10591-012-9215-5 A limitation in the use of the Session Rating Scale (SRS; Miller, Duncan & Johnson, 2002) was that the modified therapist version of the measure was not

validated. In relation to this, the SPTBN5 authors of the SRS were consulted in the planning phase of the study design before the rewording of the SRS for use by the therapist. However, they did not adopt the final version. This being so, a violation of the copyright and licensing agreement occurred, for which the authors apologize.”
“Introduction This article describes the development and current state of family therapy in Poland.1 The first section describes the historical context and is followed by a section that discusses the position and place of family therapy in psychiatry. Subsequent

sections include descriptions of organizational development, research, and training issues. In the last sections of the article, the authors focus on the practice and models of family therapy in Poland and the current challenges facing the Polish family therapy community. Historical Context Family therapy in Poland has a relatively long history. The first experiences date back to the 1970s, and three periods can be identified in the four decades that followed. The first period covers the seventies and eighties; the second period covers the time until Poland regained freedom in 1989 and the nineties; and the third period encompasses the current decade of the twenty-first century.

Third, and possibly most important, we wondered

Third, and possibly most important, we wondered see more if we could contribute to the understanding of lambda biology, either by discovering new interactions or by verifying questionable or poorly supported interactions. Table 2 Previously published interactions among lambda proteins   interacting λ proteins notes ref# head 1 A Nu1 A (N-term) – Nu1 (C-term) [32–34] 2 A B A (C-term) – B (= portal) [32, 35] 3 A FI Genetic evidence [21] 4 FI E Genetic evidence [22] 5 Nu3 B Nu3 required for B incorporation into procapsid [36] 6 W

B   [37, 38] 7 W FII W required for FII binding, FII connects head to tail [37, 39] 8 B B 12-mer (22 aa removed from B N-term) [40, 41] 9 C E Covalent PPI (in virion?) [42, 43] 10 C B   [44] 11 B E copurify in procapsid [45] CX-5461 research buy 12 C Nu3 C may degrade Nu3 (before DNA packaging) [45–47] 13 D D Capsid vertices, D forms trimers [48–50] 14 E E Main capsid protein [20, 51, 52] 15 D E   [20, 51, 52]   Nu3 Nu3 Nu3 multimer unpublished * tail 16 U U “”probably a hexamer”", interact in crystal [53] 17 V V   [51, 54–56] 18 V GT the T domain binds soluble V [24] 19 H G/GT G/GT hold H in an extended fashion [24] 20 H V V probably assembles around H, displacing G/GT [57] replication 21 O O O-O interactions when bound to ori DNA [58] 22 O P   [59–62] transcription 23 CI CI Forms octamer that links OR to OL [63, 64] 24 CII CII homotetramers

[65] 25 CIII CIII dimer [66] 26 Cro Cro dimer; x-ray structure [67] Recombination 27 Exo Bet   [68] 28 Xis Int   [69] # 29 Xis Xis Xis-Xis binding mediates cooperative DNA-binding [69] # 30 Int Int Dimer [70] lysis 31 Rz Rz1 heteromultimer that is supposed to span the periplasm [71] 32 S S large ring in inner membrane [72]   S S’ S’ inhibits S ring formation (S: 105 aa, S’: 107 aa) [73] lysogenic conversion 33 SieB Esc Esc is encoded in frame in sieB + inhbits sieB [74, 75] # bold: found in this study. * unpublished PRKD3 (C. Catalano, pers. comm., by permission), # interactions not tested in Y2H assays (one or both clones not available). To achieve these goals, we cloned almost all lambda open reading frames (ORFs) and

tested them for all pair-wise interactions, using a novel yeast two-hybrid strategy [8]. We identified a total of 97 unique interactions, most of which have not been previously described. About half of all published interactions were identified, and we will discuss why the other half has been missed and how these interactions might be detected by future two-hybrid studies. Results Approach In order to find as many interactions as possible, we cloned 68 lambda ORFs into six different Y2H vectors (see Table 3 and Methods). In fact, each vector pair results in very different subsets of interactions as we have shown previously [8–10]. For example, the pGADT7g/pGBKT7g vectors yielded 44 interactions while the pGBKCg/pGADCg vectors yielded only 18.

200 would be above the acceptable limit Discussion The hyplex® T

200 would be above the acceptable limit. Discussion The hyplex® TBC PCR test is a new qualitative diagnostic NAAT system for the detection of MTBC in human specimens. Compared to most of the available commercial NAAT tests, which range from

about 20 to 35 Euro (US$ 25 to 50) per test, it represents a low-cost system. Costs of the hyplex® TBC test are estimated to ten to twelve Euro per test in industrialised countries. For developing countries, where most GSK126 research buy of the TB occurs, significantly lower prices can be considered. In contrast to real-time assays which require precision instruments as well as capacity to maintain these instruments, the hyplex® TBC test can be applied in all laboratories with standard equipment for molecular biology techniques and, therefore, allows for the application also in low-budget laboratories, particularly in developing and emerging countries. However, the low costs of equipment and reagents go along with a significant increase

in the hands-on time. Whereas highly automated tests like real-time assays may generate results within less than two hours with very low hands-on time, the hyplex® TBC test requires multiple workstations for Seliciclib cell line specimen preparation, target amplification and amplicon detection. Including column-based DNA preparation, the assay will take up to 6 hours to perform. This is comparable to other NAAT assays which are largely performed manually like, for example, the GTMD assay [16]. Similar to other NAAT assays, the hyplex® TBC test is certainly suitable for partial automatation, for example by use of full automated systems for hybridisation and ELISA reading, which can significantly decrease the hands-on time of the test. Initially, the hyplex® TBC PCR test was validated by the manufacturer using a set of 40 clinical specimens (data not shown). In order to retrieve the highest sensitivity possible, the cut-off value was set to 0.200 in the manufacturer’s instructions. This cut-off was technically controlled using DNA of different Mycobacterium and non-mycobacterial species. None of 96 different strains of different

species other than Mycobacterium was positive (instruction for use, BAG Health Care). Out of 33 Mycobacterium strains, five MTBC strains (2 × MTB, 1 × M. africanum, 1 × M. cannettii, 1 × M. bovis) Fluorometholone Acetate were positive. Twenty-eight NTM strains of 25 different species were tested and three (2 × M. kansasii, 1 × M. gadium) gave ELISA signals of about OD 0.300 that were considered positive following the instructions of the manufacturer. Thus, the “”technical”" sensitivity can theoretically be assumed 100%, while the technical specificity would be only 97.6% given a cut-off value of OD 0.200. Using the same cut-off, the sensitivity in our study set would be 92%, but the specificity would be as low as 85%, meaning that every seventh positive PCR result would be a false-positive one. However, the improved sensitivity by use of cut-off value 0.

Asterisks indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0 05) in accumula

Asterisks indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in accumulation compared with the parental strain. Panel A, R2 and mutants. Panel B, DB and mutants. Addition of CCCP caused a significant increase in the steady state accumulation of H33342 by all strains (Table  2). In the R2 isolate and mutants, this increase was most pronounced in R2ΔadeFGH, with a fold increase of 1.46 observed (Table  2). The parental isolate showed a smaller fold increase of 1.31. R2ΔadeIJK and R2ΔadeFGHΔadeIJK showed the smallest fold

changes of 1.09 and 1.10, respectively. In the DB parent and mutant strain, the parental strain DB showed the highest fold increase of 1.51 after addition of CCCP, with the increase in DBΔadeFGH slightly less, at 1.27 find more (Table  2). DBΔadeIJK and DBΔadeFGHΔadeIJK again showed the smallest fold changes of 1.16 and 1.19, respectively. Addition of PAβN also caused a significant increase in accumulation in all strains (Table  2). This increase was of a similar fold in the parental strains, R2 and DB, and their mutants. Table 2 Fold-change in fluorescence of H33342 at steady state level accumulation in the presence of EIs in efflux pump mutants and parental strains Bacterial strain +CCCPa +PAβNb DB 1.51 ± 0.04 1.29 ± 0.11 DBΔadeFGH 1.27 ± 0.12 1.28 ± 0.03 DBΔadeIJK 1.16 ± 0.06 1.24 ± 0.13 DBΔadeFGHΔadeIJK 1.19 ± 0.03 1.36 ± 0.07 R2 1.31 ± 0.12 1.27 ± 0.04 R2ΔadeFGH 1.46 ± 0.04 1.29 ± 0.03

R2ΔadeIJK 1.09 ± 0.01 1.29 ± 0.05 R2ΔadeFGHΔadeIJK 1.10 ± 0.01 1.20 ± 0.10 Three separate experiments small molecule library screening showed consistent results and representative examples are shown. The standard deviation represents variation between three biological replicates. All values shown are significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in accumulation with addition of an EI relative to absence of EI. a fold-change compared to corresponding bacterial sample in the absence of CCCP.

b fold-change compared to corresponding bacterial sample in the absence of PAβN. Accumulation of ethidium bromide by efflux pump gene deletion mutants It has been shown previously that H33342 and ethidium bromide are substrates of efflux pumps [11]. Therefore, accumulation of ethidium Edoxaban bromide was also measured. Compared with the parental isolate, the fold-change in the steady state levels of ethidium bromide accumulated in efflux pump mutants showed the same pattern as that produced with the H33342 accumulation assay, with levels in R2ΔadeFGH significantly lower than in parental isolate R2 (Figure  6A), and R2ΔadeIJK and R2ΔadeFGHΔadeIJK accumulating significantly higher levels. Efflux pump mutants DBΔadeFGH, DBΔadeIJK and DBΔadeFGHΔadeIJK accumulated higher levels of ethidium bromide than the parental isolate, DB (Figure  6C). Addition of both CCCP and PAβN produced a significant increase in the level of ethidium bromide accumulated at steady state in both parental isolates and their mutants and the effect was similar to that seen with H33342.

Cases who received anti-EGFR TKI treatment were retrieved Anti-E

Cases who received anti-EGFR TKI treatment were retrieved. Anti-EGFR treatment Anti-EGFR treatment

was introduced to NSCLC patients who had clinical stage IIIB, stage IV, or recurrent disease, and a measurable indicator lesion by RECIST classification that had not been irradiated. Patients could have received any number of prior chemotherapy regimens and 3 weeks must have elapsed since prior chemotherapy. Eligible patients had Karnofsky performance status (PS) ≥60% or ECOG PS ≥2, sufficient bone marrow function and adequate liver and kidney function. Patients with brain metastases stable for >3 months were also candidates for such treatment. All patients’ signed informed consent before starting treatment. Patients TPCA-1 solubility dmso must have been treated with either single agent gefitinib or erlotinib. Availability of paraffin-embedded tissue sample at diagnosis was also classified as an entry criterion for this study. All patients signed informed consent for the use of biological materials for research purposes. The study was conducted according KU55933 to the Declaration of Helsinki and the guidelines for Good Clinical Practice. The bioethics Committee of Metropolitan

Hospital approved the study and the collection of biological material. Patient evaluation and treatment All patients received gefitinib at 250 mg per day orally or erlotinib at 150 mg orally. Gefitinib was supplied free of charge by AstraZeneca as part of an international compassionate use program. Since 2005 erlotinib was nationally approved for the treatment of NSCLC irrespective of EGFR mutational status. Treatment was administered daily with a treatment cycle constituting 28 days. Treatment was discontinued for up to 7 days for grade 3–4 toxicity, until resolution of toxicity to ≤1. For non-resolving toxicities of

more than 15 days, treatment was ceased. Treatment was continued until disease progression, serious adverse toxicity, at the decision of the treating physician, Selleckchem Fluorouracil or following voluntary patient withdrawal. Patients were eligible for response evaluation after completion of >2 months treatment. Clinical data including smoking history, clinical stage, pathological diagnosis and response data for all patients was retrieved from their medical reports. Somatic mutation analyses Genomic DNA was extracted from paraffin embedded tumors obtained retrospectively from HeCOGs Tumor Repository Bank, as previously described. All paraffin blocks were examined on H&E for histological verification according to W.H.O [19]. Tumors with >75% neoplastic cell content (%NCC) were considered as eligible for analysis. For biopsies with inadequate %NCC, macro-dissection on 5 μm sections was performed to increase the content to >75%. Mutational analysis for all genes was conducted as previously described [20]. The primer sequences for all reactions are available upon request. All studied exons were confirmed, for EGFR.

Before infection with the C jejuni strains, the INT-407 mono-lay

Before infection with the C. jejuni strains, the INT-407 mono-layers were washed three times and covered in MEM supplemented with 1% FBS. Similarly, the C. jejuni cultures were washed 3 times and suspended in MEM supplemented with 1% FBS to obtain 107 bacteria

ml-1. One ml of bacterial suspension was added to each well containing the INT-407 semi-confluent monolayer, achieving a 1:100 multiplicity of infection (MOI). To assay for Campylobacter adherence, the infected monolayers were incubated for 3 h, which www.selleckchem.com/products/BIRB-796-(Doramapimod).html was followed by washing the cells 3 times with 1X PBS, lysis using 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100 and serial dilution (10-fold) in 1X PBS. One hundred μl of each dilution were spread on MH agar plates. The agar plates were then incubated for 48 h at 42°C under microaerobic conditions after which CFU were counted. To assay for invasion, infected monolayers were incubated for 3 h, washed 3 times with MEM supplemented with 1% FBS and then treated with gentamicin (150 μg.ml-1) for 2 h to inhibit the bacteria that did not invade the cells. At the end of the GSK690693 incubation, the infected mono-layers were washed, lysed, and serial dilutions were plated as

described earlier. The number of bacteria that invaded the cells was determined by counting CFUs. For the intracellular survival assays [41], Campylobacter cultures and the INT-407 cells were processed as described above. The monolayers were then covered with MEM containing 1% FBS and gentamicin (10 μg.ml-1) and incubated for additional 24 h at 37°C. Following incubation, the monolayers selleck products were washed, lysed and processed as described above. The number of viable intracellular bacteria was determined by counting CFUs. For each assay, strains were tested in duplicate, while the experiment

was repeated three times on separate occasions. Infection of primary chicken intestinal epithelial cells (PIC) The potential of the RP mutants to adhere to and invade chicken epithelial cells was assessed using primary chicken intestinal epithelial cells (PIC). PICs were isolated using a method described previously [42] with modifications. Briefly, the intestines from 11-day-old chicken embryos (Charles River Laboratories, CT, USA) were harvested and suspended in DMEM supplemented with penicillin and streptomycin (100 U.ml-1 and 100 μg.ml-1, respectively). Intestines were fragmented into smaller pieces and washed twice with DMEM. Then, the intestinal fragments were placed in a 70 μm nylon mesh filter and gently crushed with a 2 ml syringe piston to obtain a single cell suspension. The cells were then washed twice and the pellet was resuspended in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and transferred to 25 cm2 cell culture flasks. After 7–10 days of incubation, examination using a microscope showed typical cuboidal morphology characteristic of epithelial cells.

Thus, zoosporic oomycetes may use completely different chemicals

Thus, zoosporic oomycetes may use completely different chemicals from bacteria for quorum sensing. SAR302503 molecular weight Analysis of ZFF revealed that functional signals controlling zoospore aggregation and plant infection differ in molecular composition. The former is not temperature labile and acts upon a restricted number of species while the latter is heat labile and non-species-specific. Identifying these molecules will facilitate our understanding of the mechanisms underlying natural plant infection by these pathogens and may lead to innovative control strategies. Methods Zoosporic oomycetes and culture conditions Four Phytophthora species, P. nicotianae (1B11), P. sojae

(28G4), P. capsici (24F4), P. hydropathica (37E6) and one Pythium species Py. aphanidermatum (18H7) were used in this study. These species are distinct in morphology and genetics [2, 47]. Specifically, P. nicotianae, P. phosphatase inhibitor library capsici and Py. aphanidermatum have broad host ranges while P. sojae has a restricted host range, generally infecting only soybeans and lupines. P. hydropathica (37E6) originated from irrigation water and is a pathogen of nursery plants [48]. The isolates were maintained on clarified vegetable juice agar (CV8A) medium [49] at 23°C. Preparation of zoospore-free fluid Zoospore-free fluid (ZFF)

from a particular species is designated with an abbreviated species name. For example, ZFFnic represents ZFF from a P. nicotianae zoospore suspension. ZFF

was prepared from nutrient-depleted zoospore suspensions starting with sporangium induction as described previously [18, 21]. Specifically, prior to sporangium production, P. sojae and Py. aphanidermatum were cultured for 3-4 second days and the other species were cultured for 1-2 wk in 10% CV8 broth. After nutrient depletion (medium removal and water rinses), the mycelial mats were further incubated for 16-18 h for P. sojae and Py. aphanidermatum, 2-3 days for P. capsici and one week for the other species under fluorescent light at 23°C to obtain a desired number of sporangia. To induce zoospore release, the mats with sporangia were flooded with chilled SDW and kept under lights until the desired zoospore density was reached. ZFF was obtained by passing a zoospore suspension through a 0.2 μm pore-size filter after vortexing for 2 min. ZFF was used fresh or stored at -20°C. Freezing destroyed the aggregation-promoting activity of ZFF, but not its infection-promoting activity. Phytopathosystems, plant growth conditions, inoculum preparation and inoculation Four phytopathosystems, P. nicotianae × annual vinca (Catharanthus roseus cv. Little Bright Eye), P. sojae × lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus), P. sojae × soybean (Glycine max cv. Williams) and P. capsici × pepper (Capsicum annum cv. California Wonder) were used. Annual vinca plants were prepared in the greenhouse where 4-wk old seedlings were grown in pine bark with fertilizer for 4-6 wk.

BMC Genomics 2007,

8:72 CrossRefPubMed 47 D’Auria S, Aus

BMC Genomics 2007,

8:72.CrossRefPubMed 47. D’Auria S, Ausili A, Marabotti A, Varriale A, Scognamiglio V, Staiano M, Bertoli E, Rossi M, Tanfani F: Binding of glucose to the D-galactose/D-glucose-binding protein from Escherichia coli restores the native protein secondary structure and thermostability that are lost upon calcium depletion. J Biochem 2006,139(2):213.CrossRefPubMed 48. Rehse PH, Kitao T, Tahirov TH: Structure of a closed-form uroporphyrinogen-III C-methyltransferase from Thermus thermophilus. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2005,61(Pt 7):913–919.CrossRefPubMed 49. Fazzio T, Roth J: Evidence that the CysG protein catalyzes the first reaction specific to B12 synthesis in Salmonella typhimurium , insertion of cobalt. J Bacteriol 1996,178(23):6952–6959.PubMed Belnacasan clinical trial see more 50. Monaco C, Tala A, Spinosa MR, Progida C, De Nitto E, Gaballo A, Bruni CB, Bucci C, Alifano P: Identification of a meningococcal L-glutamate ABC transporter operon essential for growth in low-sodium environments. Infect Immun 2006,74(3):1725–1740.CrossRefPubMed 51. Goure J, Findlay WA, Deslandes V, Bouevitch A, Foote SJ, MacInnes JI, Coulton JW,

Nash JH, Jacques M: Microarray-based comparative genomic profiling of reference strains and selected Canadian field isolates of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae . BMC Genomics 2009, 10:88.CrossRefPubMed 52. Xu Z, Zhou Y, Li L, Zhou R, Xiao S, Wan Y, Zhang S, Wang K, Li W: Genome biology of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae JL03, an isolate of serotype 3 prevalent in China. PLoS ONE 2008.,3(1): 53. Molloy MP, Herbert BR, Walsh BJ, Tyler MI, Traini M, Sanchez JC, Hochstrasser DF, Williams KL, Gooley AA: Extraction of membrane proteins by differential solubilization for separation using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 1998,19(5):837–844.CrossRefPubMed 54. Gorg A, Obermaier C, Boguth G, Harder A, Scheibe B, Wildgruber R, Verteporfin datasheet Weiss W: The current state of two-dimensional electrophoresis with immobilized pH gradients. Electrophoresis 2000,21(6):1037–1053.CrossRefPubMed 55. Mansfield MA: Rapid immunodetection on polyvinylidene fluoride membrane blots without blocking. Anal Biochem

1995,229(1):140–143.CrossRefPubMed 56. Wyatt MF, Stein BK, Brenton AG: Characterization of various analytes using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and 2-[(2E)-3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-methylprop-2-enylidene]malononitrile matrix. Anal Chem 2006,78(1):199–206.CrossRefPubMed Authors’ contributions YL and MJ carried out the molecular genetic studies, participated in the sequence alignment and drafted the manuscript. AZ, JD, YH, YL and MZ carried out the immunoassays. MZ and JD participated in the sequence alignment. MJ and YL participated in the design of the study and performed the statistical analysis. HC conceived of the study, and participated in its design and coordination. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.