3). These results indicate that qualitative and quantitative ABT-199 solubility dmso metabolic changes corresponding to polysaccharides and protein/amide regions I and II were important for discrimination of cultivation ages and cultivars. Therefore, the overall change in polysaccharides and proteins might play a significant role in discriminating between the cultivars and cultivation ages of ginseng. Many previous studies regarding IR peak assignment and the chemical composition of ginseng have been reported. The major metabolites of Korean ginseng (P. ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) are glutamine, arginine, sucrose, malate, and myo-inositol [27]. Thus, glucose,

fumarate, and various amino acids could serve as biomarkers for quality assurance in ginseng [27]. Spectroscopic techniques yield spectra that present key bands characteristic of individual components; these data provide information about the chemical composition of the sample, including both primary and secondary metabolites [43] and [44]. Sugars, including cellulosic, hemicellulosic, and pectic polysaccharides of cell walls and soluble sugar compounds, give a complex fingerprint due to their characteristic Selleckchem Raf inhibitor bands in the 900–1,200 cm−1 region of the infrared spectrum [45], [46] and [47]. Cellular proteins and amino acids also give

characteristic peaks of 1,750–1,600 cm−1, Cyclooxygenase (COX) 1,600–1,500 cm−1, and 1,350–1,200 cm−1, which are assigned the designations amide

I, amide II, and amide III, respectively [44], [48], [49], [50] and [51]. Previously, we reported that strawberry cultivars could be discriminated from leaf samples based on FT-IR spectral differences at the 1,650–1,700 cm−1 and 950–1,050 cm−1 regions [19]. Edwards et al  [32] reported that Chinese ginseng specimens with different countries of origin could be discriminated by the presence of characteristic bands near 980 cm−1 and 1,600 cm−1 in FT-Raman spectra. Not only primary metabolites but also secondary metabolites are important for characterization of ginseng roots. Phenol compounds give a complex fingerprint due to their characteristic bands in the 1,260–1,180 cm−1 range [44]. Chemical compositions of ginseng can be altered depending on various environmental and biological factors. Ginsenoside contents vary depending on the plant part and age of ginseng [41] and [42]. The content of polyacetylenes decreases with increasing root size [52]. Calcium oxalate and fatty acids in ginseng root also can vary depending on the cultivation area or method [33]. It has been also shown that quantitative changes in aromatic compounds can be used to discriminate ginseng roots with different ages [28]. In the case of the olive tree, secondary metabolites in leaves play a significant role in cultivar discrimination by multivariate analysis [53].