selleck inhibitor CrossRef 14. Nishimura S, Abrams N, Lewis BA, Halaoui LI, Mallouk TE, Benkstein KD, van de Lagemaat J, Frank AJ: Standing wave enhancement of red absorbance and photocurrent in dye-sensitized titanium dioxide photoelectrodes PI3K Inhibitor Library solubility dmso coupled to photonic crystals. J Am Chem Soc 2003,125(20):6306.CrossRef 15. Mihi A, Miguez H: Origin of light-harvesting enhancement in colloidal-photonic-crystal-based dye-sensitized solar cells. J Phys Chem B 2005, 109:15968.CrossRef 16. Agrell HG, Lindgren J, Hagfeldt A: Degradation mechanisms in a dye-sensitized solar cell studied by UV–VIS and IR spectroscopy. Solar Energy 2003, 75:169.CrossRef 17. Ahn JY, Kim JH, Moon KJ, Kim JH, Lee CS, Kim MY, Kang JW, Kim SH: Incorporation of multiwalled

carbon nanotubes into TiO 2 nanowires for enhancing photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells via highly efficient electron transfer. Solar Energy 2013, 92:41.CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions KJM, SWL, and YHL contributed equally to this work as first co-authors. KJM, SWL, and YHL fabricated TiO2 pastes, assembled various DSSCs, and made photovoltaic performance measurement. JYA participated in the SEM measurements. SJL and DWL participated in the design and manufacture of condenser lens-based solar concentrator. SHK provided guidance to

check details KJM, SWL, YHL, JYA, and SJL as a supervisor and designed most of this research project. All authors read and approve the final manuscript.”
“Background Graphene, a sp2-hybridized

Flucloronide carbon film with unique properties, has attracted substantial interest in recent years, and it is a candidate for several applications. The carriers in graphene are transported in the π-orbitals that are perpendicular to the surface so the optical transparency of a single layer of graphene can be as high as approximately 97%, and it can exhibit excellent electronic properties with reported mobilities of between 3,000 and 27,000 cm2/V·s [1–3]. Various methods for synthesizing graphene have been developed. One of them is the mechanical exfoliation from highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, but it has low throughput and produces graphene with a limited area [4–7]. Chemical exfoliation is a promising method; it has high throughput and produces graphene flakes from bulk graphite [8]. Sulfuric acid is a common oxidizing agent that reacts strongly with the surface of aromatic carbon compounds to form graphene oxide flakes that are subsequently reduced to graphene [9, 10]. This method forms various defects that degrade the electronic properties of the formed graphene. Another method is the thermal decomposition from SiC substrate. In this case, a Si atom on a SiC surface is exposed to a temperature of 1,050°C to 1,100°C [11, 12]. The epitaxial graphene on SiC has high quality, but the use of an expensive SiC substrate is not practical.