The pathways and signals

covered here include namely the death receptors, BCL-2 family, caspases, calpains, cdk5, p53, PARP-1, autophagy, mitophagy, mitochondrial fragmentation, and parthanatos. The review will present evidence from postmortem PD studies, toxin-induced models (especially MPTP/MPP+, 6-hydroxydopamine SB525334 and rotenone), and from alpha-synuclein, LRRK2, Parkin, DJ-1, and PINK1 genetic models of PD, both in vitro and in vivo.”
“Objective: To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of performing electrocochleography (ECoG) at the initial visit in predicting hearing outcomes.

Study Design: Retrospective study.

Setting: Tertiary hospital.

Patients: Ninety patients with unilateral, definite Meniere’s disease.

Interventions: The summating potential

(SP)/action potential (AP) ratio was obtained using ECoG at the initial visits. An SP/AP ratio greater than 0.34 was considered abnormal.

Main Outcome Measures: Audiogram types, hearing fluctuations, hearing thresholds at the initial and last visits, hearing changes, caloric response, and treatment outcomes were analyzed in subjects with normal and abnormal ECoGs. Correlation analyses between the SP/AP ratio at the initial visit, hearing thresholds at each visit, and hearing changes were performed.

Results: The mean follow-up period was 22.6 months. Abnormal ECoGs were found in 50 (55.6%) of the 90 subjects. No significant differences regarding audiogram types, hearing fluctuations, caloric response, or treatment outcomes 17DMAG inhibitor were observed between subjects with normal and abnormal ECoGs. Ipsilateral SP/AP ratios at the initial visit were correlated with both hearing thresholds at the initial (r = 0.347, p < 0.001) and

last (r = 0.435, p < 0.001) visits. Furthermore, there was a significant LCL161 mw correlation between SP/AP ratio and hearing change during follow-up (r = 0.280, p = 0.008). After stratification by initial hearing level, Stage 1 and 2 subjects (hearing threshold, 0-40 dB) with abnormal ECoGs at the initial visit showed a decrease in hearing over time compared with those with normal ECoGs (p = 0.008).

Conclusion: A high SP/AP ratio at the initial visit may be used as a predictor of poor hearing outcomes in subjects with Meniere’s disease, especially with initial hearing Stage 1 and 2.”
“OBJECTIVE: In a 3-year period, the main mode of access for hysterectomy at Brigham and Women’s Hospital changed from abdominal to laparoscopic. We estimated potential effects of this shift on perioperative outcomes and costs.

METHODS: We compared the perioperative outcomes and the cost of care for all hysterectomies performed in 2006 and 2009 at an urban academic tertiary care center using the chi(2) test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables and two-sided Student’s t test for continuous variables. A multivariate regression analysis was also performed for the major perioperative outcomes across the study groups.