We observe the earliest attend/ignore effects as early as 100 ms

We observe the earliest attend/ignore effects as early as 100 ms post-stimulus onset in auditory cortex. These appear to be generated by modulation of exogenous (stimulus-driven) sensory evoked activity. Specifically related to ignoring, we demonstrate that active-ignoring-induced input inhibition involves early selection. We identified a sequence of early (<200 ms post-onset) auditory cortical effects, comprised of onset response attenuation and the emergence of an inhibitory response, and provide new, direct

evidence that listeners actively ignoring a sound can reduce their stimulus related activity in auditory cortex by 100 ms after onset when this is required NU7441 cost to execute specific behavioral objectives. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: The association between carotid plaque calcification and clinical ischemic events is unclear. The aim of this study was to systematically review published studies comparing degree selleck chemical of calcification between clinically symptomatic and asymptomatic plaques.

Methods: A systematic search for relevant studies was performed in the PubMed/MEDLINE and Embase databases. For studies reporting a rating scale or a continuous measure of calcification, study-specific and pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs) between

symptomatic and asymptomatic plaques were calculated. For studies reporting a dichotomous measure, study-specific and pooled odds ratios (ORs) were calculated. If no significant heterogeneity was present (I-2 <= 50%), a VE 822 fixed-effects pooling model was used. If significant heterogeneity was present (I-2>50%), a random-effects pooling model was used, and sources of heterogeneity were explored by subgroup analyses.

Results: The 24 studies included in this systematic review used a wide range of methodologies to quantify degree of calcification and a wide range of definitions to define clinically symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid plaques. Pooled

fixed-effects SMD of calcification volume or weight between symptomatic and asymptomatic plaques was -0.425 (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.608 to -0.241); I-2 = 39.3%. Pooled random-effects SMD of calcification percentage was -0.997 (95% CI, -1.793 to -0.200); I-2 = 93.8. Subgroup analyses did not reveal homogeneous subgroups. Pooled fixed-effects OR for the association between high degree of plaque calcification and symptoms was 0.696 (95% CI, 0.528 to 0.918); I-2 = 21.1%.

Conclusion: The results of this systematic review suggest that clinically symptomatic plaques have a lower degree of calcification than asymptomatic plaques. Assessment of degree of carotid plaque calcification may be useful to predict which plaques will cause cerebrovascular ischemic events. (J Vasc Surg 2010;51:1015-25.

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