, 2007; Kessler et al., 2006; McClernon & Kollins, 2008; Park et al., 2011; Smalley et al., 2007). However, no studies have assessed the association of ADHD symptoms with smoking that also consider PTSD symptoms or includes individuals with PTSD. It is possible that PTSD and selleck 17-AAG ADHD are associated with nicotine dependence via shared affective mechanisms and that the risk for smoking to regulate affect is associated with higher levels of PTSD and ADHD symptoms. The overall aim of this study was to assess the role of ADHD symptoms in a sample of smokers with and without PTSD. We hypothesized that (a) smokers with PTSD would endorse higher levels of ADHD symptoms than those without PTSD and (b) ADHD symptoms would be a significant predictor of smoking-related affective functioning (SRAF) after taking PTSD symptoms into account in a sample of smokers.

Methods Participants and Procedures Participants were smokers with (n = 55) and without (n = 68) PTSD (see Table 1 for sample characteristics) willing to make a smoking cessation attempt as part of a larger study. Participants were recruited via clinician referrals from local outpatient clinics and fliers and were eligible if they were 18�C65 years of age and currently smoking at least 10 cigarettes/day with expired carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations ��9 ppm. Participants were excluded for major unstable medical problems, using noncigarette forms of nicotine, non-English speaking, current substance abuse/dependence, schizophrenia, current manic syndrome, lifetime but not current PTSD, and current bupropion and/or benzodiazepine use.

Only baseline session data prior to any changes in smoking behavior or intervention were assessed in the current report. Table 1. Participant Demographic Summary Measures Psychiatric diagnoses were determined with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS; Blake et al., 1995) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders (SCID; First, Spitzer, Williams, & Gibbon, 2002). The CAPS is a structured clinical interview and ��gold standard�� for PTSD assessment (Weathers, Keane, & Davidson, 2001). PTSD symptoms were considered present based on the CAPS frequency �� 1 intensity �� 2 rule (Blake et al., 1995; Weathers et al., 2001). Other Axis I disorders were assessed with the SCID.

Smoking intensity was measured by self-reported cigarettes per day, Fagerstr?m Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND; Heatherton, Kozlowski, Frecker, & Fagerstrom, 1991), time Entinostat to first cigarette after waking, and expired CO. PTSD Symptoms The Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS; Davidson et al., 1997; McDonald, Beckham, Morey, & Calhoun, 2009) includes 17 self-reported items corresponding to the DSM-IV symptoms of PTSD that are rated by both frequency and severity. Reliability and validity of the DTS have been demonstrated in veterans (Davidson et al., 1997; McDonald et al., 2009) and community samples (Davidson et al., 1997).