Surprisingly, cysteine selleckchem but not methionine was found to improve growth (results not shown). Cysteine can be synthesized from methionine by converting homocysteine to cystathionine by cystathionine-β-synthase (Banerjee & Zou, 2005). Thus, our results suggest that a hemoprotein

is involved in the synthesis of cysteine from methionine in A. niger. In mammals, cystathionine-β-synthase was found to be a hemoprotein, whereas the yeast cystathionine-β-synthase is not (Banerjee & Zou, 2005). But like in S. cerevisiae, the N-terminal haem domain is absent in the A. niger cystathionine-β-synthase (unpublished data). Therefore, more studies are required to indentify the origin of cysteine limitation in the A. niger ΔhemA mutant. Amino acids can also serve as N-source and as such compete with uptake of compounds such as ALA or hemin. For instance, the S. cerevisiae UGA4 gene, encoding the γ-aminobutyric acid and ALA permease, is regulated by N- and C-source Compound Library cell assay (Luzzani et al., 2007). Therefore, the higher ALA requirement in CM could possibly be due to regulation of the A. niger ALA transporter, or possible competition on ALA uptake. However, amino

acid supplementation to ALA-based MM did not result in altered growth making this hypothesis unlikely. The results described above demonstrate A. niger is capable of using exogenously supplied haem for its own cellular processes and thereby strengthen the haem-limitation hypothesis during peroxidase production conditions. They further indicate importance of the haem biosynthetic pathway in basal processes like nitrogen and cysteine metabolism. Knowledge on and regulation of those processes

with regard to haem biosynthesis will make it possible to identify and resolve further bottlenecks to increase intracellular haem levels required for overproduction of haem peroxidases by filamentous fungi (Conesa et al., 2000). From the growth analysis, however, it also becomes clear that by altering media compositions, the requirement for haem for its own cellular processes Ribociclib cost can be reduced by supplementing the end product like ammonium or cysteine. These conditions, in combination with increased iron levels, could also provide conditions for improved large-scale peroxidase production without supplementation of a haem source. The results also show considerable differences between S. cerevisiae and A. niger regarding haem biosynthesis and regulation, making S. cerevisiae unsuitable as a model organism for filamentous fungi on these processes. Therefore, for further understanding of haem biosynthesis, research on this pathway in filamentous fungi is currently ongoing in our laboratory. The authors thank E. Elliott for technical assistance.