A role for noradrenaline during cortical development has been hypothesised on the basis that noradrenergic fibres originating from the locus coeruleus (LC) reach the cortical anlage during the embryonic period in rodents, macaques and humans (Levitt & Moore, 1979; Zecevic & Verney, 1995; Wang & Lidow, 1997). During embryonic cortical development, fibres from the LC express dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme for noradrenaline, and are thus likely to release noradrenaline in the extracellular space of the cortical anlage (Wang & Lidow, 1997). An alternative source of noradrenaline could be the cerebrospinal fluid where high levels of noradrenaline have

been detected during the embryonic period (Masudi & Gilmore, 1983). Noradrenaline in the CSF could originate from the fetal blood by selleckchem passing through the immature blood–brain barrier, diffuse from the CSF into the ventricular wall and regulate cellular processes involved in the formation of cortical circuits, including

neuronal migration. A role for noradrenaline during embryonic cortical development is further supported by the fact that different subtypes of adrenergic receptors are dynamically expressed across species during cortical development and follow a restricted temporal and spatial pattern of expression. Initial binding studies revealed that adra1, adra2 and adrb1 are highly expressed in the developing cortical plate and transient embryonic zones of the non-human primate brain (Lidow & Rakic,

1994). A more detailed study on adra2a indicated that this receptor selleck chemicals llc is expressed at E70, E90 and E120 throughout the macaque embryonic wall (Wang & Lidow, 1997). Interestingly, this study revealed that migrating neurons in the intermediate zone and cortical plate expressed high levels of adra2a, suggesting that this receptor Meloxicam could play a role in regulating neuronal migration (Wang & Lidow, 1997). A role for adra2a in neuronal migration is further supported by the fact that strong adra2a expression is detected in the cortical plate, intermediate and subventricular zones of the embryonic rat cortex (Winzer-Serhan & Leslie, 1997; Winzer-Serhan & Leslie, 1999). The group of adra2 receptors is composed of three highly homologous subtypes (adra2a, adra2b and adra2c). In this study we found that migrating cortical interneurons expressed adra2a and adra2c but not adra2b, and that activation of adra2a and adra2c affects neuronal migration. Interestingly, it has been recently reported that adra2 receptors regulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis, a developmental process that persists in the adult brain (Yanpallewar et al., 2010). Progenitor cells in the hippocampus express adra2a, adra2b and adra2c subtypes and adra2 stimulation inhibits the proliferation of granule cell progenitors in the dentate gyrus, leading to decreased levels of adult hippocampal neurogenesis (Yanpallewar et al., 2010).