Data from five male and five female mice which fell off the appa

Data from five male and five female mice which fell off the apparatus before testing was complete were excluded.

Numbers used for each experiment can be found in Table 1. Table 1 Number of animals used in each behavioral test Open field Twenty-four hours after testing in the EPM, animals were tested in the open field. The open field consisted of a white plastic box (50 × 50 × 15 cm high) divided into 16 equal sized squares. During Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical testing, animals were placed into the center of the open field, and filmed for 5 min via a video camera mounted above the maze. Tracking software (Limelight; Actimetrics) was used to analyze the number of crossings animals made between the 16 squares, and the percentage of time spent in the central four compared to the outer 12 squares of the maze. Emergence test Twenty-four hours after testing in the open field, animals were tested in the emergence test. The apparatus was made of Perspex, and consisted of two compartments, one covered and dark (15 × 17 × 26.5 cm, 0.01 lux), the other light and open (27 × 26.5 × 26.5 cm, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 66 lux). A sliding door connected the two. Animals were placed into the dark compartment, given 1 min to settle, the door was raised and time to emerge

into the light compartment was recorded. This is another test of anxiety behavior in rodents (Frye et al. 2000; Walf et al. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 2009). Tissue extraction One week after behavioral testing, mice were killed by CO2 and brains removed and snap frozen for hippocampal mRNA extraction. Real time-polymerase

chain reaction The QIAGEN RNeasy system (QIAGEN Ltd., Crawley, U.K.) was used to extract total hippocampal RNA, which was reverse transcribed using Promega reverse transcription kit Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (Promega UK Ltd., Southampton, U.K.). Triplicate samples Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of cDNA (the equivalent of 1 ng of total RNA) were incubated with fluorescent probes (using predesigned systems from Applied Biosystems [Warrington, U.K.]) and gene-specific such primers (GR [NR3C1]: forward 5′-GTGGAAGGACAGCACAATTACCT-3′ and reverse 5′-GCGGCATGCTGGACAGTT-3′, MR [NR3C2]: forward 5′-CCCTACCATGTCCTAGAAAAGC-3′ and reverse: 5′-AGAACGCTCCAAGGTCTGAG-3′) in 1x Roche LightCycler 40 probes mastermix (Roche Diagnostics, West Sussex, U.K.). A Roche LightCycler 480 was used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cycling and detection of fluorescent signal, and a serial dilution of cDNA pooled from all samples was used to create a standard curve Entinostat for each primer–probe set. Results were standardized using the housekeeping gene HPRT1 (forward sequence: 5′-TCCTCCTCAGACCGCTTTT-3′, reverse sequence: 5′-CCTGGTTCATCATCGCTAATC-3′). Data analysis Data were analyzed by linear models. All data were checked for normality of distribution and homogeneity of variance and were transformed to provide the best approximation to a normal distribution when in violation of these assumptions (Box and Cox 1964).

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