During

the ‘run-in’ and ‘evaluation’ periods, the paramedics will then be empowered by medical directive from the EMS medical directors and the Ministry of Health to “clear” the c-spine of thing Patients according to the CCR. This will allow the paramedics to selectively transport low-risk trauma patients to the ED without full spinal immobilization. We will employ the run-in period immediately prior to the onset of the ‘evaluation’ Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical period, to resolve logistical issues for the new practice of paramedics applying the CCR in the field. We will compare outcomes in the evaluation period of this study to those during the validation study at the same site (Ottawa) [77]. Study population Inclusion Criteria We will enroll consecutive alert, stable adults evaluated by the paramedics with potential c-spine injury after sustaining acute blunt trauma. These are patients for whom standard EMS protocols require immobilization. selleckchem patient eligibility Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical will be determined at the time of paramedic arrival at the scene based on the following criteria: a) “Potential c-spine injury after sustaining acute blunt trauma” will include patients with either: i) neck pain with any mechanism of injury (subjective complaint by the patient of any pain in the posterior aspect of the neck), ii) no neck pain Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical but some visible injury above the

clavicles, and/or iii) neither neck pain nor visible injury, but significant mechanism of injury as determined by the paramedic at the scene. b) “Alert” is defined as a Glasgow

Coma Scale [80] score of 15 (converses, fully oriented, and follows commands). c) “Stable” refers to normal vital signs as defined by the Revised Trauma Score [7] (systolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater and respiratory rate between 10 and 24 breaths per minute). d) “Acute” Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical refers to injury within the past 4 hours. Exclusion Criteria a) Patients under the age of 16 years, b) Patients with penetrating trauma from stabbing or gunshot wound, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical c) Patients with acute paralysis (paraplegia, quadriplegia), d) Patients with known vertebral disease (ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, spinal stenosis, or previous cervical spine surgery), or e) Patients referred from another hospital and transported between facilities. Comparison Group from the Validation Study We will quantify the potential impact of selective Anacetrapib prehospital immobilization by way of comparison with a convenience sample of patients recruited in Ottawa during the validation of the CCR by paramedics between 2002 and 2006 [77]. These participants were recruited using the exact same criteria, and represent 862 of the 1949 recruited in the validation study [77]. Patient Safety We are convinced that the use of the CCR is accurate and reliable and that the proposed study will respect patient safety at all times. Paramedics will know that they can ‘override’ the rule at any time when they have concerns about patient welfare.