In order to investigate the mechanism of differential effect of AAI and OTA on VEGF production we verified the effect of both toxins on the activity of transcription factors, which binding sites are present in VEGF promoter, such as HIFs, AP-1, NFκB or SP-1 (Pages and Pouyssegur, 2005). Our data indicate that both toxins exert complex

effect on various transcription factors, and as the result they may differentially regulate VEGF expression. AAI treatment caused SP-1 and HIFs up-regulation, whereas AP-1 was inhibited after 24 h of toxin delivery. Similarly, OTA treatment diminished AP-1 activity, but it also potently down-regulated SP-1 and selleck inhibitor HIFs activity. Moreover, the activity of NFκB was influenced neither by AAI nor by OTA. Such complicated data show that, although EPZ5676 nmr both toxins

induced kidney damage, the mechanisms are different and should be carefully investigated in details. Additionally, the effect may be cell-type dependent as in human HKC-8 cells only the effect of OTA on HRE and AP-1 activity was the same as in LLC-PK1 cells, whereas NFKB was induced and SP-1 activity was not affected by this toxin (Fig. S3). In pheochromocytoma PC-12 cells the inhibition of AP-1 (Oh et al., 2004), whereas in 12-day rat embryo midbrain cells the activation of this factor by OTA was observed (Hong et al., 2002). In contrast to our data, where we did not observe the alterations in NFκB activity after OTA delivery, such activation was shown in proximal OK cells (Sauvant et al., 2005), in immortalized human kidney epithelial cells (IHKE) (Rached et al., 2006) as well as in 12-day rat embryo midbrain cells (Hong et al., 2002). On the other hand, Metabolism inhibitor in LPS-activated RAW264.7 macrophages

DNA binding activity of NFκB was considerably lower after AAI treatment in comparison to control cells (Liu et al., 2011). However, such differences may be caused by the dose and time of stimulation in individual experiment. In case of SP-1, there are no data concerning the effect of OTA on activity of this transcription factor, so we have shown for the first time the diminishment of SP-1 activity after OTA. Moreover, our results indicating inhibitory effect of OTA on HRE activity and HIFs transcription factors are also unique. To our best knowledge, only one paper showing increased mRNA level for HIF-1α in rat proximal tubule cells after OTA treatment was published already but the protein level was not investigated (Luhe et al., 2003). However, in case of HIF proteins, the protein stability is much more crucial, therefore these data and our data do not exclude each other. The knowledge about AA influence on the activity on transcription factors is also very limited. We have presented for the first time that AAI exerts opposite effect than OTA on SP-1 and AP-1, enhancing and diminishing their activity, respectively. The already published data about the effect of AA on NFκB is contradictory, as inhibition in human HK-2 cells (Chen et al.