lactis could stimulate invasion into cultured human colonic enterocytes and guinea pig enterocytes in an oral infection model [27]. Additional properties of L. lactis such as high transformation efficiency (4 × 104 cfu for ligations) allowed
us to generate multiple random libraries of substantial size and enabled the direct transformation of SDM constructs. Also the nisin inducible system enabled a high level of InlA expression on the surface of L. lactis in a background with relatively few sortase A anchored proteins. The ability of L. lactis InlA m * to facilitate uptake into murine cells encouraged us to use multiple rounds of en masse enrichment of
InlA mutant libraries through CT-26 cells. The cumulative results from each passage showed a continued improvement in the invasion efficiency, suggestive of an enrichment of positive clones. A surprising level of diversity AZD0156 cell line in InlA clones was apparent (across the 4 banks) with 25 of the 32 clones analyzed exhibiting unique sequences. Only bank iii with the lowest frequency of mutations exhibited a degree of clonality (4/8 were Q190L). This suggests that we have not yet uncovered the full complement of mutations within the banks which confer enhanced invasion capabilities. Directed evolution of the inlA gene has the potential to uncover mutations not predicted by a structure-based approach (Table 2). With respect to the Q190L mutation the glutamine at residue 190
found on LRR 6 within the hydrophobic pocket, Transmembrane Transproters inhibitor and forms a hydrogen bond to proline 16 in hCDH1. The change to leucine may affect the pocket and improve access of glutamic acid 16 in mCDH1. Of all the single amino acid changes, the N259Y mutation exhibited the single greatest invasion increase into CT-26 cells. Combining this mutation with either T399I or L149 M was shown to reduce or enhance invasion, respectively, with the negative effect of the T399I confirmed by the reduction in invasion efficiency observed when combined with additional positive mutations (bank IV, clone 8 versus bank IV, Progesterone clone 1-Table 2). Further biochemical studies will be required to identify the role these mutations play to enhance the interaction with mCDH1. The previously identified single aa changes at residues 192 and 369 [17] each increased invasion ~20 fold, whereas the combined 192 + 369 mutations increased invasion ~30 fold. The identical aa change at residue 369 was also isolated from our error prone PCR bank. However, this clone VX-680 research buy contained additional mutations that resulted in a reduced level of invasion compared to the 369 single mutant. The CDH1 interacting amino acids appear to be highly conserved and recalcitrant to change [31].