Moreover, due to blood–ocular barriers, large amounts of the drug and frequent administrations are required to maintain therapeutic concentrations, which may result in drug intolerance because of serious side effects. Local or organ-specific administration of the drug is desirable because of the potential to reduce or eliminate systemic toxicities Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and to improve therapeutic efficacy. The eye is one of the most ideal sites in the human body for direct drug delivery because the intraocular structures are relatively easy to access. Be that as it may, they are isolated from the systemic circulation by blood–ocular barriers. These barriers minimize

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical systemic absorption and side effects.15 To justify the topical administration of tranexamic acid, an important question is whether fibrinolysis occurs at the aqueous or vascular side of the clot. Topical tranexamic acid may be an attractive alternative to systemic delivery in the treatment of traumatic research hyphema, but the efficacy of topical treatment has been questioned. The answer to this question determines whether tranexamic acid should reach the vascular Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical or the intraocular side.

Tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase-type plasminogen activator are present in the aqueous humor normally and an intensive plasminogenesis exists in the aqueous humor. The activity of plasminogen activator inhibitors in the aqueous humor is Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical negligible. A high concentration of fibrin degradation products exists in the aqueous of patients with rebleeding after traumatic hyphema.16,17 Furthermore, another important antifibrinolytic agent, aminocaproic acid, when applied topically in animal and human models, has been effective in the prevention of rebleeding in traumatic hyphema.18 Based on such evidence, topical tranexamic acid might be effective Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in the prevention of rebleeding in patients with traumatic hyphema. Another question to be answered is whether the topical administration of tranexamic acid is effective in yielding therapeutic

intraocular concentrations. Astedt11 reported that the therapeutic concentration of tranexamic acid in serum was 8-10 micgr/ml Calpain and aqueous concentration was 10% of the serum concentration. Therefore, 0.8-1 micgr/ml aqueous concentration of the drug was enough to prevent fibrinolysis in patients with hyphema. Bramsen19 showed that aqueous concentration, followed by a single dose of oral tranexamic acid (25 mg/kg), was 1.6 micgr/ml after 3 hours. In our previous study,12 we demonstrated that the aqueous concentration of the drug after the administration of a single drop of 5% tranexamic acid solution was higher than 1.5 micgr/ml up to 160 minutes, and 1 micgr/ml at 300 minutes remained nearly unchanged for up to 9 hours after administration.