s suggests that most observed nucleotide changes were not caused by random mutations during sequencing, but by active miRNA editing in the cell. Besides the well known A to I modification, many other technical support RNA editing events were also discovered such as A to C and G to T, consistent with a widespread RNA editing discovered in previous human transcriptome studies. Although the expression level of the majority of edited miRNAs was very low, some particularly high frequent editing events happened at certain developmental stages. Taking rno miR 128 as an example, highest frequency of A to C editing at position 3 and G to T editing at position 6 was observed at P14, whereas G to T editing at pos ition 8 was highest at P3. We found that the number of miRNAs with a relatively high editing events was much higher after P7 than at earlier developmental stages.

Moreover, the percentage of total edited miRNA reads among total miRNA reads was also much higher after P7 than earlier stages. Similar tendency was observed for miR NAs of high editing events. These results suggest the necessity of miRNA editing for complex regulation of gene expression at late postnatal stages, potentially contributing to the complicated synaptic wiring. As a distinguished representative of miRNA editing, rno miRNA 376 family have been extensively studied. The previously reported A to I editing at position 6 of rno miRNA 376b was also detected in the present study by both deep sequencing and PCR based sequencing. Deep sequencing results showed that the level of this A to I editing at position 6 of rno miRNA 376b increased during cortical development.

Surprisingly, the ex pression level of edited sequence exceeded that of GSK-3 the wild type form from P7 and reaches the peak at P28, indicating that the edited sequence may play important roles in late postnatal development of cortex. To further understand the biological significance of this editing event of rno miR 376b, target prediction and GO analysis was introduced. We found that the potential func tion of wild type rno miR 376b may be mainly related to early developmental events including neuronal differenti ation, cell migration, axon extension, and establishment or maintenance of neuronal polarity. However, the potential function of the edited isoform shifted to the regulation of late developmental events including synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, and adult feeding behavior.

Interestingly, results of this GO analysis selleck chemical Bicalutamide are fully consistent with the high expression of the wild type rno miR 376b and the edited isoform at early de velopmental stages and late postnatal stages, respectively. Dataset S5 provides a complete list of the name and relative abundance for all detected editing of miRNAs, with TPM 100 highlighted. Discussion Accumulating evidences showed that different groups of small non coding RNAs play fundamental roles in gene regulatory networks. As the most abundant group of small RNAs in many tissues, miRNAs play importan