TACE activation is consequent to concomitant actions GDC-0068 of intracellular signals mediated by protein kinase C and extracellular signal-regulated kinase as well

as reduction of its endogenous inhibitor Timp3. Our data suggest that both fatty acids and stress-activated kinases such as JNK may also play a role in TACE activation. We further demonstrate that TACE reduces the ability of insulin to regulate the AKT/FoxO1/GSK3 pathway, the major controller of gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis.25, 26 Although increased release of TNF-α may explain TACE effects on insulin signaling and hepatic steatosis, we cannot exclude that other surface proteins shed by TACE may have a part in this process. To study the in vivo effects of TACE activation, we used the Timp3 knockout model that is characterized by increased TACE activity in the liver. Because it appears that metabolic toxicity induces the activation of this enzyme, we subjected Timp3−/− mice to prolonged metabolic stress. Our data suggest that prolonged unrestrained TACE activity contributes to liver degeneration

following lipid overload. Histological analysis revealed that Timp3−/− mice manifest macrovesicular steatosis and lobular degeneration compared with their WT littermates. This phenotype may be explained at least in part by increased expression of transcription factors involved in lipogenesis such as liver X receptor α and carbohydrate response element binding protein, supported by the increased expression of their

substrates fatty acid Palbociclib synthase and stearoyl CoA desaturase 1.2 Because TACE regulates several factors potentially affecting inflammation, metabolic homeostasis, fibrosis, and cell cycle, we used a shotgun proteomic approach to identify proteins linked to the steatosis phenotype in Timp3−/− mice that could be targets of TACE. Recent studies have shown that a proteomic approach linked to bioinformatic 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 analysis is a useful tool to identify novel targets in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Our analysis clearly identified liver diseases as the most representative for the submitted data, supporting the validity of our observations. Moreover, this unbiased analysis also indicated liver fibrosis and steatosis as the top associated disease processes that differentiate Timp3−/− from WT mice. Our results led to identify several proteins potentially important for the phenotype showed by Timp3−/− mice fed a HFD. To substantiate our proteomics findings, we elected to measure those proteins linked to steatosis through both a bioinformatic approach and evidence from the literature. Although we cannot rule out the contribution of the other identified proteins—especially those with the highest deviation—we observed that a cluster of down-regulated proteins was linked to methionine metabolism, a pathway known to affect steatosis in mouse models.