Taken together, these findings indicate Bortezomib mw that although individuals with higher levels of anhedonia may have difficulty sustaining abstinence, they nonetheless appear to be interested in quitting and make more quit attempts. We also examined the relation between anhedonia and smoking dependence motives. Results showed that anhedonia was significantly correlated with some of the WISDM-68 subscales (automaticity, behavioral choice�Cmelioration, cognitive enhancement, and craving). However, these associations were reduced below significance after controlling for NA, indicating that these linkages were partially accounted for by overlapping variance in affective disturbance that was not specific to anhedonia. Adjusted analyses indicated a trend-level association between the anhedonia and the behavioral choice�Cmelioration scale (i.

e., the tendency to place higher priority on smoking as a reinforcer in comparison to other reinforcers). This relationship could be consistent with the notion that anhedonic smokers come to rely on smoking as a reinforcer because they are insensitive to the hedonic properties of other reinforcers. Nonetheless, this should be interpreted with caution because the association was relatively small and did not reach statistical significance. Although we did not make a priori hypotheses about which WISDM-68 scales would be correlated with anhedonia, the lack of association with the Positive Reinforcement Scale is notable, given that one might expect anhedonic smokers to utilize smoking as a positive reinforcer.

This finding could potentially be explained by the limited discriminant validity of this scale. The WISDM Positive and Negative Reinforcement Scales were strongly associated in this sample (r=.85) and in a previous sample (r=.80; Leventhal, Ramsey, et al., 2008). Thus, future research of the link between anhedonia and other measures of positive reinforcement smoking may be warranted to clarify this relationship. Concordant with our hypothesis, individuals with higher anhedonia were more sensitive to the effects of tobacco deprivation on appetitive (but not aversive) smoking urges. Even though nearly half the variance in the QSU-Factor 1 and Factor 2 subscales overlapped, the dissociation of findings was prominent, especially in the adjusted analyses, which controlled for influence of baseline NA.

Follow-up analyses offered suggestive evidence of a three-way interaction by which the moderating effects of anhedonia on deprivation-induced urges were unique to the QSU-Factor 1, which also supports the appetitive�Caversive distinction. These results parallel previous findings indicating that Carfilzomib individuals with higher anhedonia are more sensitive to the acute effects of nicotine administration and deprivation on positive (but not negative) affect (Cook et al., 2004, 2007).