The 8-μm sections were stained with modified Von Kossa stain while the 10-μm section remained unstained. Static and dynamic histomorphometric measurements of lumbar vertebral trabecular bone were calculated using a computerized digital microscopy histomorphometry analysis system (OsteoMeasure, OsteoMetrics, Inc., Decatur, GA, USA). Total tissue area, trabecular bone area, and trabecular bone perimeter were measured from the 8.0 μm thick sections. Trabecular bone volume, trabecular number, trabecular thickness, and trabecular separation were calculated as described previously [42]. Single-calcein labeled perimeter, double-calcein

labeled perimeter, and interlabel width were measured on the 10 μm sections. These data were used to calculate percent labeled Selleckchem Thiazovivin trabecular surface, mineral apposition rate and bone formation rate-surface as described previously [42]. Serum Venetoclax manufacturer calcium was determined using the Quantichrom Calcium assay (Bioassay Systems, Hayward, CA). Serum osteocalcin was determined using the Osteocalcin ELISA (Biomedical Technologies Inc., Stoughton, MA). C-telopeptide fragments of collagen Type I (CTX-1) in serum was determined using the RATLAPS ELISA kit (Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark). Serum procollagen type I N-propeptide (P1NP) was determined

using the PINP ELISA (Immunodiagnostic Systems Ltd., Fountain Hills, AZ). All assays were performed following the manufacturer’s protocols. Prior to testing, L4 vertebrae were thawed at room temperature and both growth plates were removed. Vertebral bodies were tested in compression using a materials testing machine (Model 5565, Instron, Norwood, MA) and a 100 N load cell. Load was applied at a constant rate of 3 mm/min until failure. Maximum load and

stiffness were collected from force–displacement curves using Bluehill Reverse transcriptase software version 2.14 (Instron, Norwood, MA). The right femora were potted in hex nuts using methyl methacrylate and tested in torsion using a material testing machine (Model 55MT, Instron, Norwood, MA) and a 2 Nm load cell. The femora were internally rotated and were tested at a constant rate of 1°/s until failure. Maximum torque and energy to failure were calculated using Partner software version 6.3a (Instron Satec, Norwood, MA). Results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Comparisons between two groups were performed using the unpaired Student t-test or the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney exact test. Mouse strain, treatment and their interaction were included in the ANOVA model. The interaction term was used to investigate if there was a differential effect of treatment due to the genetic differences in the mice. All tests were considered significant when p < 0.05. We have previously demonstrated that ActRIIB-Fc is a potent myostatin inhibitor that can increase muscle mass in normal and dystrophic animals [10].