The lethal dose, 50% (LD50) of per oral geniposide was 1431.1mgkg(-1). mTOR kinase assay The acute toxicity study indicated geniposide at dose of 574mgkg(-1) or more could cause hepatic toxicity in rats and the hepatotoxicity often appeared at 24-48h
after the oral administration. The hepatotoxicity was associated with oxidative stress with decrease of total superoxide dismutase activity and increase of malondialdehyde concentration in rats’ livers. Subchronic toxicity study showed geniposide did not cause hepatotoxicity at the doses of 24.3 and 72.9mgkg(-1) orally for 90 days in rats. Thus, acute hepatotoxicity of geniposide at high doses was likely to be linked to oxidative stress, while geniposide at normal dose of 24.3mgkg(-1) or less did not cause hepatotoxicity even in the repeated dosing study.”
“Background:
Sexual transmission is the fastest growing route of HIV transmission in China. We undertook this study to describe the risk factors for HIV infection in female sex workers (FSWs), and to determine the commercial sex venues where FSWs are most at risk of being infected with or infecting others with HIV.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 737 FSWs in Kaiyuan City, Yunnan Province in southern China, which took place from March to May 2006.
Results: The overall HIV prevalence was 10.3%, but prevalence varied with sex venue with 25.8% of FSWs working on the streets being HIV-positive and none of the FSWs working in nightclubs. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) of HIV infection learn more were 9.1 (95% confidence interval (CI) 4.67-17.55) for injection drug use, 3.3 (95% CI 1.46-7.37) for non-injection illegal drug use, 2.7 (95% CI 1.25-5.93) for duration of sex work >= 5 years, 2.2 (95% CI 1.05-4.70) for infection with herpes simplex virus type 2, and 2.0 (95% 8-Bromo-cAMP solubility dmso CI 1.12-3.47) for working at a higher risk entertainment venue. Although condom use was not a significant risk factor in the overall model, FSWs in tower risk venues who reported consistent use with clients had a 70% reduction in HIV infections (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.12-0.90).
Conclusions: Illegal drug use, particularly with injection drugs, is the single greatest risk
factor for HIV infection among FSWs in Kaiyuan City, China. FSWs working on the street or in temporary sublets, beauty salons, or saunas are at particularly high risk for transmitting and being infected with HIV. HIV prevention efforts among FSWs should target illegal drug users and these other subgroups. (C) 2008 International Society for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The objective of this study was to investigate invitro antimicrobial activity and composition of the essential oil of Cyclotrichium leucotrichum growing wild in Iran. The essential oil was obtained by hydro-distillation and analysed by GC-FID and GC/MS. Fifty-nine components representing 98.9% of the total oil were characterised.