The location task might have been relatively easier for participants since there were only four locations (left, right, above, and below) to detect (although presented randomly) in contrast to recognizing unique objects every time. As expected, the object recognition condition showed more

activation in the LITG. In addition, we found significantly increased activation in LIFG, bilateral thalami, and in occipital regions during this task. The increased IT recruitment has been found in previous studies of object recognition (Kanwisher et al. 1996; Gerlach #CP-868596 cell line keyword# et al.; Pietrini et al. 2004). Since the participants were asked to recognize an object and choose a name for it from four alternatives, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical they may engage in semantic characterizations of objects as reflected by the greater activation found in LIFG (Gabrieli et al. 1998; Hirsch et al.). In addition, word searches have also been found to activate the LIFG (Cornelissen et al. 2009). The results of this task revealed that recognizing objects may not be restricted to just the regions of the ventral visual stream, but may also include Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical other cortical and subcortical regions. The thalamus has long been implicated in tasks of object naming in both schizophrenia (Heckers et al. 2000), and in typical individuals (Price et al. 1996). The LIFG

activation seen in this task suggests the involvement of language, especially Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical semantic characterization of objects. In addition, LIFG has also been specifically associated with tasks of covert object naming (Reed et al. 2004), selection of semantic information among competing alternatives (Thompson–Schill et al. 1998; Thompson–Schill et al. 2002; Kan and Thompson–Schill 2004), and in controlled retrieval of semantic knowledge (Wagner et al. 2001; Gold and Buckner 2002; Badre and Wagner 2004; Gold et al. 2005). Thus, our findings suggest that the object recognition task may recruit regions beyond the classic ventral stream areas. Although the activation results, at least in part, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical might support specialized roles for the dorsal and

ventral stream areas in these tasks, it is worth considering Astemizole how these identified areas coordinate with other centers. For instance, the functional and causal interactions of dorsal and ventral visual stream areas were demonstrated to be important in learning tasks (Buchel et al. 1999). The precentral gyrus has been indicated in attention tasks in both schizophrenia and in attention deficit disorders (Dickstein et al. 2006; Dibbets et al. 2010; Sepede et al. 2010). The middle frontal gyrus has also been implicated in top-down attentional control for patients with Alzheimer’s disease (Neufang et al. 2011). Increased connectivity between frontal (LMFG and LPRCN) and parietal (RSPL) regions during location detection may point to the demands in coordinating attention between the possible automatic identification of an object and then locating the position of that object.