These trends are somewhat contrary to the strong downstream dilution patterns observed in other contaminant studies on semi-arid systems (e.g. Marcus, 1987, Marron, 1989, Reneau et al., 2004 and Taylor and Hudson-Edwards, 2008) in that (i) the three trace metals exhibit different spatial trends, indicating that

their dispersal is affected by differing factors, and (ii) where the downstream trend exists for Cu, it is very abrupt. Graf (1990) also demonstrated that the dispersal and storage of sediment-associated 230Th as a result of a tailings dam collapse did not possess these characteristic downstream dilution trends. Rather, concentrations were influenced strongly by localised NVP-BGJ398 ic50 geomorphic controls. Graf et al.’s (1991) study of contaminant dispersal was also not confounded by simultaneous flooding from tributaries, which may have played Selleckchem PFI-2 a role in the downstream dispersal of metals within the Saga and Inca creeks

(see below). The downstream channel sediment-metal dispersal patterns show fluctuating concentrations within an overall distance-decay trend. As found by Graf (1990), these variations could be attributed to a range of factors. Firstly, uncontaminated, minor tributaries are ubiquitous along the Saga and Inca creek system, contributing clean sediment to the trunk steam, which have the potential to dilute the concentrations of metals/metalloids in the main channel (e.g. Marcus,

1987, Miller, 1997 and Taylor and Kesterton, 2002). “Clean” sediment could also have been sourced from erosion of channel banks during flooding (Dennis et al., 2003 and Middelkoop, 2000), and also from frequent cattle movement and grazing. The catchment’s on-line Wire Yard Dam and One Mile Dam (Fig. 3) appears to have initiated the deposition of fine-grained suspended sediment, influencing channel sediment-metal Methane monooxygenase concentrations. Floodplain environments tend to be less dynamic and operate largely as sinks, with sediment-associated metals accreting vertically overtime (Ciszewski, 2003, Reneau et al., 2004 and Walling and Owens, 2003), providing reliable archive sources of alluvial contaminants. Analysis of Cu concentration across floodplain surfaces (0–2 cm; Fig. 5) showed that the most elevated levels of metal in sediments, excluding the channel, are located predominantly at ∼50 m from the channel bank (the most proximal distance to the channel sampled). Increased metal concentrations adjacent to channel banks are found commonly on contaminated floodplains (Graf et al., 1991, Macklin, 1996, Marron, 1989, Middelkoop, 2000 and Miller et al., 1999). This pattern of sediment-metal accumulation arises from a combination of higher stream power, greater frequency of overbank events in the areas closest to the channel (Nicholas and Walling, 1997), and repeated deposition of contaminated sediments over time.