This criterion means that malingering cannot be ruled out unless it can be reasonably demonstrated that positive

B and/or C criteria are ‘fully’ accounted for by psychological or neurological disturbance and are not at all motivated by any identifiable external incentives. Using this system, all diagnoses of malingering require the presence of external incentive (Criterion A) plus Criterion B and/or C evidence as noted below. For purposes of this study, only B1, B2, and C5 were used for malingering group classifications as these criteria consist of indicators specifically designed to measure response validity (Ord, Greve, & Bianchini,

2007). The most powerful Criterion B evidence is documentation of a negative Selleckchem Talazoparib response bias on the basis of performance on a ‘forced-choice’ SVT (e.g., Portland Digit Recognition Test or Test of Memory Malingering; see Bianchini et al., 2001 for review). Performance Doxorubicin mouse on a forced-choice measure can indicate either ‘definite’ response bias (B1: obtained score is significantly below chance at α < 0.05, two-tailed) or ‘probable’ response bias (B2: obtained score on a well-validated measure of response bias is in a range consistent with exaggeration or feigning). Other response bias tests and indices from standard clinical measures can also meet B2. Criterion B2 could be met on the basis of a positive finding on either the Portland Digit Recognition Test (PDRT; Binder, 1993) or Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM; Tombaugh, 1996), or by a positive finding on well-validated clinical indicators. Clinical indicators

used in this study included the Millis formula from the California Verbal Learning Test (Millis, Putnam, Adams, & Ricker, selleck chemical 1995); and the Suhr formula (Suhr & Boyer, 1999) and Unique responses (Greve et al., 2002) from the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST; Heaton, Chelune, Talley, Kay, & Curtiss, 1993). Criterion C5 includes evidence of exaggeration or fabrication of psychological symptoms on self-report measures with well-validated validity scales (e.g., Minnesota Multiaxial Personality Inventory – II [MMPI-2]; Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegren, & Kaemmer, 1989). See Table 2 for the specific cut-offs related to these indicators. In the context of external incentive, a B1 finding is sufficient for a diagnosis of ‘Definite MND’. A diagnosis of ‘Probable MND’ can be made with two types of Criterion B evidence or one type of Criterion B evidence and one or more types of Criterion C evidence. Criterion C evidence is not sufficient for a diagnosis in the absence of Criterion B evidence.