This technique suggests that medial frontal cortex activity is a necessary condition for voluntary action. However, we cannot tell if medial frontal activity

is sufficient for action. In fact, we know little about neuronal activity in these areas when no voluntary actions occur. The presence of medial frontal or prefrontal BOLD responses when successfully stopping a voluntary action in response to a stop signal (Sharp et al., 2010) or an internal decision (Brass and Haggard, 2008) suggests that neuronal firing may not be sufficient for action. In principle, buildup of activity in areas such as pre-SMA could occur very frequently, but the firing trajectory could be prevented from continuing toward voluntary action for some unknown reason. “
“Sensorimotor Ruxolitinib solubility dmso integration OSI-744 concentration in the domain of speech processing is an exceptionally active area of research and can be summarized by two main ideas: (1) the auditory system is critically involved in the production of speech and (2) the motor system is critically involved in the

perception of speech. Both ideas address the need for “parity,” as Liberman and Mattingly put it ( Liberman and Mattingly, 1985 and Liberman and Mattingly, 1989), between the auditory and motor speech systems, but emphasize opposite directions of influence and situate the point of contact in a different place. The audiocentric view suggests Rebamipide that the goal of speech production is to generate a target sound; thus the common currency is acoustic in nature. The motor-centric view suggests that the goal of speech perception is to recover the motor gesture that generated a perceptual

speech event; thus the common currency is motoric in nature. Somewhat paradoxically, it is the researchers studying speech production who promote an audiocentric view and the researchers studying speech perception who promote a motor-centric view. Even more paradoxically, despite the obvious complementarity between these lines of investigation, there is virtually no theoretical interaction between them. A major goal of this review is to consider the relation between these two ideas regarding sensorimotor interaction in speech and whether they might be integrated into a single functional anatomic framework. To this end, we will review evidence for the role of the auditory system in speech production, evidence for the role of the motor system in speech perception, and recent progress in mapping an auditory-motor integration circuit for speech and related functions (vocal music). We will then consider a unified framework based on a state feedback control architecture, in which sensorimotor integration functions primarily in support of speech production, but can also subserve top-down motor modulation of the auditory system during speech perception.