tions, depending on the sub cellular compartment. A major limitation in understand ing the subcellular localization of PINK1 is the fact that many studies on PINK1 rely on PINK1 overexpression. Two challenges force researchers to utilize a heterolo gous overexpression system, the lack of a specific multi purpose antibody against PINK1 LDP-341 and the fact that the endogenous PINK1 expression level is very low. As we have demonstrated previously, proper ties of exogenous PINK1 are reflected by the endogen ous PINK1, justifying that overexpressed PINK1 serves as a good model for the endogenous protein. Unlike other mitochondrial proteins that localize exclusively to the mitochondria, mitochondrial proteins that adopt a cytosolic localization do so in a stimulus induced fashion.

With the exception of yeast fumarase and human PINK1, no other single gene encoded, L MLS containing protein constitutively localizes to both the mitochondria and the cytosol, with the majority of the isoprotein residing in the cytosol. In this paper, we investi gated the important factors for PINK1 topology and dual localization and found three necessary components in the PINK1 protein the transmembrane domain, the cleavage site after the TM, and the Hsp90 interaction. We confirmed that the PINK1 MLS is responsible for mitochondrial localization and that two cleavage sites in the PINK1 MLS are responsible for generating PINK1 1 and 2, present in both endogen ous and exogenous PINK1. We attempted to map out the proteolytic sites by deleting the protein sequence encompassing the predicted cleavage sites.

However, PINK1 continued to be cleaved into two products from the precursor. This could mean that we did not target the correct cleavage sites even though they are predicted by MitoPort or other prediction programs. PINK1 prese quence cleavage might not follow the classical R 2 R 3 R 10 motif, where there are numerous examples. Alternatively, it is thought that cleavage specificity of mitochondrial peptidases is less dependent on the pri mary protein sequence and more on the structural ele ments present in both the presequence as well as the mature protein. Thus mutational or deletion studies will have variable results, including a lack of obvious effect on presequence cleavage. What is clear from our internal deletion study is that a second cleavage site is present after the transmembrane domain and this site plays an important role in PINK1 subcellu lar redistribution.

Removal of this second cleavage site completely abolished cytosolic distribution of PINK1, as we showed with a noncleavable TM in mitofilin MLS. Because we are unable Brefeldin_A to abolish the cleavage of PINK1 MLS, we took advantage of the similarity between PINK1 MLS and mitofilin selleck kinase inhibitor MLS to determine how prese quence cleavage plays a role in PINK1 topology and dis tribution. Even though Immt 151 PINK1 was not found in cytosol, it was digested by proteinase K, similar to WT PINK1, suggesting that it is tethered to the outer surfa