To stretch the gastrocnemius, participants were instructed to stand facing a wall or bench with feet shoulder width apart and perpendicular to the wall. They were then instructed to lean forward, keeping the back knee straight and the heel grounded. To stretch the soleus, participants were instructed to bend both knees, keeping both feet flat on

the floor. Participants were asked to hold each stretch for one minute and to perform each stretch three times daily. The control group did not receive any intervention for the duration of the study. All participants were asked to avoid additional stretches or other specific exercises of the foot and ankle for the duration of the study. At the completion of the study, participants KRX-0401 order in the PLX4032 control group were offered the serial night casting and stretching. Participants and their caregivers recorded compliance with the casting and stretching regimen in a daily diary. The primary outcome was ankle dorsiflexion range

Modulators measured using the Lunge Test (Bennell et al 1999, Burns et al 2009a). Participants stood with one foot perpendicular to a wall and were asked to lunge forward towards the wall. The foot was progressively moved further away from the wall until the maximum range of ankle dorsiflexion was obtained without the heel lifting off the ground. The angle of the tibial shaft from vertical was measured in degrees using a digital inclinometer (Bennell et al 1999). The more involved ankle (ie, with lesser dorsiflexion range) was measured (Menz 2005). The validity of this test is supported by ultrasonography, which shows elongation of the gastrocnemius and soleus fascicle lengths during the lunge (Hallet et al 2005). Additionally, since ankle dorsiflexion range is assessed in weight bearing, it more closely approximates the range of ankle dorsiflexion during activity. Secondary outcomes included foot deformity, mobility, balance, falls, and self-reported activity limitations. Foot deformity was measured with the Foot Posture Index – a multi-segmental screening tool that allocates

a score between −2 and +2 to each of six criteria related to foot structure (Redmond et al 2006). Mobility was measured as the speed of three motor tasks: standing up from a chair (stands/s), walking (both preferred speed and fast speed in m/s), PD184352 (CI-1040) and ascending and descending stairs (stairs/s). Balance was measured as the maximum time (up to 30 s) to maintain three tasks from the Berg Balance Scale (Berg et al 1992): standing with the medial borders of the feet touching, standing with the big toe of one foot beside the heel of the other foot and standing with the toes of one foot placed directly behind the heel of the other foot (tandem stance). Falls and adverse events were recorded daily in a diary. Falls were reported as the number of falls to the ground in the week prior to scheduled visits.