Walking is a critical functional
activity for mobility, is important for maintaining health and function, and is essential for performance of many activities of daily living (Kerrigan et al., 1998 and Prince et al., 1997). Abnormal gait is predictive of falls and institutionalization (Verghese et al., 2002) and early identification of gait impairment might help identify older adults who are at risk of functional limitation, falls and injuries (Verghese et al., 2006). Similarly, rising from a chair is a precursor to several mobility activities including walking and is important for independent living (Hughes et al., 1994, Ikeda Lumacaftor mouse et al., 1991, Laporte et al., 1999 and Rodosky et al., 1989). When compared to CR, the CSt phase has received little attention (Durward et al., 1999 and Kerr et al., 1997). Among mobility-based tasks, stair negotiation is a physically challenging activity and peak knee flexion moments during SA have been reported to be three times greater than those of level walking (Andriacchi et al., 1980 and Startzell et al., 2000). Stairs pose a serious falls risk to older people with over 60% of accidents occurring on stairs (DTI, 2010). Diminishing physiological reserves selleck inhibitor and a decline in physical capacity with increasing age predispose
the older person to an increased risk of falls. Biomechanical analysis aimed at evaluating the demand placed on lower extremity Telomerase joints during everyday activities could enhance our understanding of the requirements of various tasks and help inform development
of suitable clinical interventions to address functional deficits. In addition, profiles of “FD” generated by different daily living tasks is of interest to clinicians, bioengineers, patients and their carers so as to set targets for rehabilitation (Macdonald et al., 2007). To date, few studies have evaluated the biomechanical demand placed on lower extremity muscles and joints and these have involved small sample sizes with a limited range of activities being investigated (Costigan et al., 2002, Livingston et al., 1991, McFadyen and Winter, 1988 and Protopapadaki et al., 2007). Previous investigations (Reeves et al., 2006 and Reeves et al., 2008) have suggested that older adults operated at a higher proportion of their maximum capacity when compared to young adults with a high loading placed on knee and ankle joints during stair negotiation (Hortobágyi et al., 2003, Reeves et al., 2006 and Reeves et al., 2009). While earlier biomechanical studies have highlighted a range of issues relating to task performance, these have involved small participant numbers ranging between 5 and 23 older adults and hence have limited inferential ability (Alexander et al., 1991, Hughes et al., 1996, Mourey et al., 1998, Schenkman et al., 1990 and Schultz, 1992).