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“We previously showed conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) inhibited TNF-alpha-induced monocyte (THP-1) adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in vitro which involved an increase in platelet activating factor (PAF). Here we show adhesion molecule (ADM) regulation by fatty acids and the differing role of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) activation in HUVEC and vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMC). CLA and omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (FA) reduced TNF-alpha-induced expression of ADMs (intercellular AZD4547 clinical trial adhesion molecule-1

(ICAM-1); vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) but not E-selectin) on HUVEC and vSMC to different extents depending on FA type and concentration, cell type and method of analysis. I kappa B alpha phosphorylation in HUVEC and vSMC and transient transfection with NF-kappa

B-luciferase reporter plasmid (HUVEC only) indicated differential NF-kappa B involvement during FA modulation (cis-9, trans-11; trans-10, cis-12 and a 50:50 mix of both CLA isomers; eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA); docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)). TNF-a-induced ADM expression in both cell types by 2-10-fold. In HUVEC, CLA t10, c12 and CLA mix (50:50 mixture of CLA c9, t11 and t10, c12) and EPA and DHA reduced ICAM-I expression (15-35%) at 12.5, 25 and/or 50 mu M. VCAM-I expression SRT2104 in vivo was reduced by 25 mu M 00, c12 isomer and mix; omega-3 PUFA and other concentrations of CLA and TNF-a-induced E-selectin expression were unaffected. TNF alpha-induced inhibitor kappa B (I kappa B) phosphorylation was biphasic peaking at 5 min in both cell types and 60 and 120 min in HUVEC

and SMC, respectively. I kappa B alpha phosphorylation and NF-kappa B activity was reduced (29% and 30%, respectively) by 25 mu M CLA mix. n-3 PUFA did not reduce I kappa B alpha phosphorylation or NF-kappa B activity but reduced ADM expression. We show that n-3 PUFA and CLA reduce expression of ADM on HUVEC and vSMC. This reflected reduced adherence of monocytes to HUVEC previously reported by our group. Reduction of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 protein expression by n-3 PUFA was less dependent on the NF-kappa B pathway than reduction by CLA which reflected the parallel attenuation of NF-kappa B activity. This indicated involvement of other SU5402 concentration transcription factors (i.e. AP-1) in the FA regulation of ADM expression and has, to our knowledge, not been previously reported. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome is maintained as an extrachromosomal episome during latent infection of B lymphocytes. Episomal maintenance is conferred by the interaction of the EBV-encoded nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) with a tandem array of high-affinity binding sites, referred to as the family of repeats (FR), located within the viral origin of plasmid replication (OriP).