Women may initiate smoking faster than men during negative mood induction (Weinberger Dorsomorphin cost & McKee, 2011), although actual smoke intake may not differ by sex (Fucito & Juliano, 2009; Weinberger & McKee, 2011). Other research has shown that women report greater NA responses to overnight abstinence and greater relief of that NA upon smoking a single cigarette compared with men (Xu et al., 2008). Uncertain, then, is whether sex differences may influence actual smoke intake in response to negative mood, especially in environmental situations other than abstinence. Moreover, an interaction of sex and distress tolerance on smoking in response to negative mood is uncertain, although other research suggests that low distress tolerance increases risk of problems with alcohol in men and not women (Simons & Gaher, 2005).
This study examined the separate and combined influences of subject sex and distress tolerance on NA, smoking reward (��liking��), and smoke intake (puff number and puff volume in ml) in response to negative mood induction compared with neutral mood control. We hypothesized that these responses to negative mood would be greater in women and among those lower in distress tolerance. We also examined, but did not hypothesize, the possibility of an interaction of sex with distress tolerance. Although both factors together would be expected to produce the greatest responses to negative mood in women low in distress tolerance, other research on smoking cessation treatment attendance suggests that sex and distress tolerance may interact (MacPherson, Stipleman, Duplinsky, Brown, & Lejuez, 2008).
Methods Participants Participants were 164 adults required to smoke 10 or more cigarettes per day for at least 1 year and who met the DSM-IV criteria for tobacco dependence (updated from Breslau, Kilbey, & Andreski, 1994). All were recruited through advertisements in the surrounding community and paid $150 for completing the study (plus a small amount for performance on mirror tracing; see below). Means (��SD) for the 86 men and 78 women, respectively, were 28.6 (��11.2) and 28.3 (��9.9) years for age, 16.7 (��5.8) and 16.2 (��5.0) for cigarettes per day, and 4.4 (��2.2) and 4.8 (��1.9) for Fagerstr?m Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND; Heatherton, Kozlowski, Frecker, & Fagerstr?m, 1991), indicating moderate dependence.
Most participants were Caucasian (76%), with 13% as Black, 3% Asian, about 1% each as Hispanic or Native American, and the remaining (6%) as more than one race. Men and women did not differ on any of these characteristics. Excluded were those wanting Dacomitinib to quit smoking and those reporting current or recent (past year) depression or other major psychiatric problems requiring treatment. Assessment of Distress Tolerance Because research has suggested differences between self-report and behavioral measures of distress tolerance (e.g., Leyro et al., 2010; McHugh et al.