3, without lesion) had weak blood T cell responses against peptide E6/2, with mean 28 specific SFC/106 PBMCs. All three patients with a positive ELISPOT–IFN-γ assay exhibited proliferative responses directed against the same or other E6 or E7 peptides. T cells from six (nos 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9) of the 10 patients with initial Akt inhibitor proliferative responses still responded

12 months later, one (no. 8) lost detectable responses and three patients (nos 11, 13, 14) were lost of sight (Fig. 3). In the six responder patients, the recognized specificities were different from those observed initially, with a broadening of peptide recognition concomitant with a change on the recognition level of some specificity. E6/2 (14–34) and E6/4 (45–68) peptides were always the two that were recognized most strongly by four (nos 1, 3, 6, 9) and three (nos 3, 4, 6) patients, respectively. Four of these patients (nos 1, 3, 4, 9) received destructive treatment and remained free of vulvar lesions 1 year later, patient 2 had persistent lesions without improvement despite imiquimod therapy

and patient 6 relapsed 12 months after the inclusion in the study. Patient 1, who had cleared more than 50% of her lesions spontaneously, had no detectable ex-vivo blood T cell effector cells 12 months later (data not shown). The two patients with a low initial ex-vivo ELISPOT–IFN-γ response (nos 3 and 13) also had no detectable circulating effector cells 12 months later, despite the persistence of the lesions in patient 13 (data not shown). In contrast to HLA class I molecules, class II molecules accommodate

peptides of various sizes. We therefore Romidepsin in vivo submitted the whole E6/2 and E6/4 peptides directly to HLA-DR-specific binding assays, as these molecules are involved frequently in T cell epitope presentation. E6/2 (14–34) peptide bound to three of 10 HLA-DR molecules (Table 3). At least one of these three HLA-DR molecules, DR3, DR7, DR15, was shared by all except one responder studied. E6/4 (45–68) peptide bound to six of the 10 HLA class II molecules, DR1, DR4, DR7, DR11, DR15, DRB5, all shared by our patients. The HLA class I molecules binding of 12 short synthetic peptides (8–10-mers) included into E6/2 (14–34) and E6/4 (45–68) large peptides was tested against seven supertypes of Methamphetamine HLA class I molecules (Table 4). Every short peptide was able to bind to at least one HLA class I molecule. Binding affinities ranged between 10−4 M (low HLA binders) and 10−9 M (high binders). Specific blood T CD8+ and CD4+ cells play an essential role in the defence against HPV, as observed previously in immunodeficient patients who are more susceptible to HPV persistent infections [9]. The high frequency (62%) of proliferative responses observed in classic VIN patients in the present study is in accordance with previous reports of CIN3 [22]. In contrast, other groups found far fewer proliferative responses (approximately 20%) in CIN3 [31–33].