All of the studies were placebo controlled. There were 1281 participants in total stratified by smoking status; however, each trial used a different definition of smoking status. All trials recorded change in FEV1 from baseline to six months after ICS treatment. In the never-smokers, ex-smokers and light smokers the improvement in FEV1 ranged from 120 to 300 ml after six months ICS use. However, the current and heavy smokers showed less improvement; the range reported was -300 ml to 197 ml. These results suggest that in COPD, current and heavy smokers are not gaining the same benefit from ICS use on lung function as never- and ex-smokers do. This could be due to ‘steroid resistance’ caused by inactivation

of HDAC2 by smoking. However, the effect reported here could also be due to other factors, such as difference in; severity of disease, co-prescribed medications (such as bronchodilators) and methodology between trials. In practice this Nivolumab cost means that practitioners should Selleck Antiinfection Compound Library consider smoking status before prescribing ICS due to potentially reduced efficacy; however, further work is needed with larger patient numbers to determine if the effect reported here is statistically significant and due to ‘steroid resistance’ or other mechanisms. 1. National Guideline Clearinghouse. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary

disease. Released 2001 (revised 2013); http://www.guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=43794. 2. Barnes PJ, Ito K, Adcock IM. Corticosteroid resistance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: inactivation of histone deacetylase. Lancet 2004; 363: 731–733. C. Bond, E. Fluess, G. Macfarlane, G. Jones University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK Current epidemiological studies do not take into account the effect of pain management

on self reported pain prevalence and severity. A pain management questionnaire to Farnesyltransferase be used in pain surveys was developed and validated. Pain prevalence increases by 6% when pain management is taken into account. Pain management information should be collected and used in future epidemiological studies. Pain is very common with a UK prevalence of 60%; it is largely managed by medication, and other treatments (eg alterative and complementary therapies). However population-based studies do not take medication and other treatments into account when determining pain prevalence and severity. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to (1) develop and validate an instrument to collect information on pain management ie medication and other alternative and complementary treatments; (2) assess whether population estimates of pain change when pain management information is taken into account. A sample of 4600 residents in the Grampian region of Scotland aged =>25 years, randomly selected from the NHS register, were mailed a questionnaire.

, 2001; Groom et al., 2001). While HMX has not been linked to phytotoxicity in plants such as lettuce and barley (Robidoux et al., 2003), HMX caused reproductive problems in earthworms (Robidoux et al., 2001) and decreased hatching success by 50% in lizard eggs that were incubated in an environment near maximum environmental BIBF 1120 concentrations (McMurry et al., 2012). Inhaling contaminated dust particles and swallowing contaminated ground water are possible routes of exposure for military personnel and residents living near places that manufacture or use HMX. Information on the adverse health effects of HMX is limited,

but studies in rats, mice, and rabbits indicate that HMX is harmful to the liver and central nervous system if it is swallowed or has

contact with the skin (Sunahara et al., 2009; Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2010). CX-4945 ic50 HMX in soil and ground water is noticeably recalcitrant to degradation with half-lives of up to 2300 and 8000 days, respectively (Jenkins et al., 2003; Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2010). Because HMX remains in the soil and ground water for long periods of time, we can conclude that microorganisms in these environments cannot remediate the compound to any large extent under natural conditions. Some studies have shown biodegradation of HMX in sewage sludge (Hawari et al., 2000; Boopathy, 2001) and cold marine sediments (Zhao et al., 2004), which are typically oxygen-poor environments. Conclusions from studies with soil-dwelling bacteria and fungi under aerobic conditions indicate that, in many instances, selection and addition of an appropriate substrate to Selleckchem Palbociclib enhance the growth and biodegradation of contaminants in soil by indigenous microorganisms is a superior strategy to the introduction of nonindigenous microorganisms (Axtell et al., 2000; Monteil-Rivera

et al., 2003; Crocker et al., 2006). Phytoremediation of HMX has also been examined. Aquatic plants (Bhadra et al., 2001), and several indigenous and agricultural species demonstrated no transformation of the parent compound, but only translocation into the aerial tissues (Groom et al., 2001). We have been developing a technology called Phytoruminal bioremediation, in which cool-season grasses (accustomed to high levels of nitrogen) can be seeded over explosives-containing soil to accumulate energetic compounds into the shoots (Duringer et al., 2010) for grazing by sheep, where ruminal microorganisms then complete degradation of the explosives (Fleischmann et al., 2004; Smith et al., 2008; De Lorme & Craig, 2009; Eaton et al., 2011; Perumbakkam & Craig, 2012; Eaton et al., 2013). This technique combines aspects of both in situ and ex situ bioremediation technologies by leaving the contaminated soil in situ, but utilizing grasses and grazing sheep to remove the compounds to the ex situ rumen, which is a cheap and controlled anaerobic environment.

, 2001; Groom et al., 2001). While HMX has not been linked to phytotoxicity in plants such as lettuce and barley (Robidoux et al., 2003), HMX caused reproductive problems in earthworms (Robidoux et al., 2001) and decreased hatching success by 50% in lizard eggs that were incubated in an environment near maximum environmental check details concentrations (McMurry et al., 2012). Inhaling contaminated dust particles and swallowing contaminated ground water are possible routes of exposure for military personnel and residents living near places that manufacture or use HMX. Information on the adverse health effects of HMX is limited,

but studies in rats, mice, and rabbits indicate that HMX is harmful to the liver and central nervous system if it is swallowed or has

contact with the skin (Sunahara et al., 2009; Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2010). selleck compound HMX in soil and ground water is noticeably recalcitrant to degradation with half-lives of up to 2300 and 8000 days, respectively (Jenkins et al., 2003; Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2010). Because HMX remains in the soil and ground water for long periods of time, we can conclude that microorganisms in these environments cannot remediate the compound to any large extent under natural conditions. Some studies have shown biodegradation of HMX in sewage sludge (Hawari et al., 2000; Boopathy, 2001) and cold marine sediments (Zhao et al., 2004), which are typically oxygen-poor environments. Conclusions from studies with soil-dwelling bacteria and fungi under aerobic conditions indicate that, in many instances, selection and addition of an appropriate substrate to filipin enhance the growth and biodegradation of contaminants in soil by indigenous microorganisms is a superior strategy to the introduction of nonindigenous microorganisms (Axtell et al., 2000; Monteil-Rivera

et al., 2003; Crocker et al., 2006). Phytoremediation of HMX has also been examined. Aquatic plants (Bhadra et al., 2001), and several indigenous and agricultural species demonstrated no transformation of the parent compound, but only translocation into the aerial tissues (Groom et al., 2001). We have been developing a technology called Phytoruminal bioremediation, in which cool-season grasses (accustomed to high levels of nitrogen) can be seeded over explosives-containing soil to accumulate energetic compounds into the shoots (Duringer et al., 2010) for grazing by sheep, where ruminal microorganisms then complete degradation of the explosives (Fleischmann et al., 2004; Smith et al., 2008; De Lorme & Craig, 2009; Eaton et al., 2011; Perumbakkam & Craig, 2012; Eaton et al., 2013). This technique combines aspects of both in situ and ex situ bioremediation technologies by leaving the contaminated soil in situ, but utilizing grasses and grazing sheep to remove the compounds to the ex situ rumen, which is a cheap and controlled anaerobic environment.

, 1989; Yu et al., 1998; Berg et al., 1999; Blomquist et al., 2001; Barbara et al., 2002; Morton et al., 2003; Kakizawa et al., 2004, 2009). Furthermore, since they are major proteins of the phytoplasma cell surface, Imps are predicted to play some important roles in phytoplasma–host interactions. The formation of a complex between antigenic membrane protein (Amp) of onion yellows phytoplasma and insect microfilaments has been correlated with the phytoplasma-transmitting capability of leafhoppers, suggesting that the interaction between Amp and insect microfilaments plays a role in phytoplasma transmissibility

(Suzuki et al., 2006). Moreover, the Amp appears to have evolved under strong positive NU7441 cell line selection, indicating that it plays an important role in phytoplasma fitness (Kakizawa et al., 2006b, 2009). Genes encoding Imps have been isolated from several phytoplasma groups, and have been classified into three types: (1) the specific Imp found in sweet potato witches’ broom (Yu et al., 1998), apple proliferation (Berg et al., 1999), European stone fruit yellows (Morton et al., 2003), pear decline (Morton et al., 2003), and peach yellow leaf roll (Morton et al., 2003) phytoplasmas; (2) immunodominant membrane protein A (IdpA), found in western X-disease (WX) phytoplasma (Blomquist et al., 2001); and (3) Amp, found in aster yellows (Barbara et al.,

2002), clover phyllody (Barbara et al., 2002), and onion yellows (Kakizawa et al., 2004) phytoplasmas. These three types of proteins, Imp, IdpA, and Amp, share no amino acid sequence similarities Birinapant and differ in their transmembrane structures. Several phytoplasma strains harbor genes encoding two types of these proteins and one of which is

predominantly expressed [e.g. OY and WX encode imp, in addition to each major protein gene (Kakizawa et al., 2006a, 2009)]. Imp is conserved in many phytoplasmas, and might thus represent the ancestral Imp (Kakizawa et al., 2009). PoiBI belongs to 16SrIII ribosomal group (Lee et al., 1998), which implies that the Imp of PoiBI might be IdpA, as it is in WX (Blomquist et al., 2001). Despite the commercial importance of PoiBI, its Imp has not been studied, and only a few of its genes have been cloned, 4��8C such as those encoding the 16S rRNA gene-ITS-23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region, isoleucine tRNA, ribosomal protein L15, L22, protein translocase (secY), and methionine aminopeptidase (Martini et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2010). In the present study, we cloned both the imp and idpA genes from PoiBI, and analyzed Imp and IdpA protein expression in PoiBI-infected poinsettia cultivars. Contrary to expectation, the major membrane protein of PoiBI is Imp, and not IdpA. Moreover, as part of a detailed analysis of the biology and diversity of PoiBI, we examined the evolutionary implications of the Imp and IdpA protein sequences.

5 m and at an angle of 45° to the right Pictilisib in vivo and left. The standard and deviant tones included the first two upper partials of the

fundamental frequency. Compared with the fundamental, the intensity of the second and third partials were −3 and −6 dB, respectively. The standard tones had a fundamental frequency of 500 Hz, were 200 ms in duration (including 10 ms rise and 20 ms fall times), and were presented at an intensity of 80 dB (sound pressure level) via both loudspeakers. Each deviant tone differed from the standard tones in frequency, intensity, duration, sound-source location, or by having a silent gap in the middle, but otherwise they were identical to the standard tones. The frequency deviants included large (f0: 750 or 333.3 Hz), TGF beta inhibitor medium (f0: 400 or 625 Hz) and small (f0: 454.5 or 550 Hz) frequency increments and decrements. The duration deviants included large, medium and small duration decrements, which were 100, 150, and 175 ms in duration, respectively. Only the responses to the largest frequency and duration deviants were included in the analysis because of their better signal-to-noise

ratio compared with the responses to the smaller deviants. The gap deviant had a 5 ms silent gap (5 ms fall and rise times) in the middle of the sound. The intensity deviants were either −6 or +6 dB compared with the standard. Finally, the sound-source location deviants were delivered through either only the left or right speaker (no intensity compensation was employed). The large frequency and

duration deviants were both presented 140 times and the intensity, sound-source location, and gap deviants, in turn, were presented 250 times each. In addition, repeating and varying novel sounds were included in the sequence. Similarly to the standard tones, the novel sounds were 200 ms in duration and their mean intensity was 80 dB. The varying novel sounds were machine sounds, animal calls, etc., whereas the repeating novel Leukotriene-A4 hydrolase sound was the word /nenä/ (‘nose’ in Finnish), spoken in a neutral female voice. The repeating and varying novel sounds were presented 216 and 72 times, respectively. Unlike the repeating novel sounds, each individual varying novel sound was presented no more than four times during the whole experiment. Furthermore, one-third of the varying novel sounds were presented via the right, one-third via the left, and one-third via both loudspeakers, whereas the repeating novel sounds were always presented through both loudspeakers. Because of these factors, the varying novel sounds are arguably more likely to trigger cognitive processes related to novelty detection and distraction than the repeating novel sounds. Consequently, only the responses to the varying novel sounds were included in the analysis of the current study.

Further studies have reported that attention-driven top-down control can modulate the cortical representation of a range of different stimuli, from simultaneously presented motion fields to simultaneously presented visual objects (Reddy & Kanwisher, 2006; Macevoy & Epstein, 2009; Reddy & Tsuchiya, 2010), and even conjunctions of features such as color and motion (Seymour et al., 2009; see Rissman & Wagner, 2012; Tong & Pratte, 2012 for

more exhaustive reviews). In this study, we investigated if the object category of an attended stimulus can be decoded non-invasively in real-time when stimuli from two different categories are presented simultaneously. More specifically, we examined whether a classifier trained on separately presented pictures find more of faces and places can be used to decode the attended

object category (face or place) when both a face and a place are presented simultaneously in the form of a composite Antidiabetic Compound Library manufacturer picture. By presenting superimposed pictures of a face and a place, we tested if object-based attention can bias the neural patterns in face- and place-selective areas towards the attended category, and if these differentiating activity patterns can be picked up on a moment-to-moment basis by multivariate pattern analysis in a real-time fMRI setting. Such an attention-driven real-time decoding setup could form the basis for a brain–computer interface (BCI) for severely paralysed and locked-in patients. Furthermore, such a system could be used to investigate if people can be trained to enhance their attention or prolong their attentional span (Jensen et al., 2011). Previous studies have shown that pictures of faces and places invoke spatially distinct and dissociable cortical regions, namely, fusiform face area (FFA) for faces and parahippocampal place area for scenes (Puce et al., 1995; Edoxaban Kanwisher et al., 1997; Epstein et al., 1999). More recently, however, these regions have been shown to have a more overlapping and

distributed representation than previously thought (Haxby et al., 2001; Ewbank et al., 2005; Hanson & Schmidt, 2011; Mur et al., 2012; Weiner & Grill-Spector, 2012). In light of this new view, optimal decoding of faces and places from these regions call for a multivariate decoding approach that can detect these overlapping and distributed neural patterns. Therefore, in this study, we used whole-brain data to train a classifier to predict the mental state of a subject as this approach does not rely on any prior assumptions about functional localization (Laconte et al., 2007; Anderson et al., 2011; Hollmann et al., 2011; Lee et al., 2011; Xi et al., 2011; DeBettencourt et al., 2012). Moreover, the whole-brain decoder is highly suited for real-time fMRI because it automatically identifies sparse and distributed patterns of activity that are representation-specific.

7%), which was significant

compared to the intact hemisphere (t35 = −18.8, P < 0.0001). The denervation was most pronounced in the dorsal part, including to the CPu, which is the main target of the TH+ cells in the SN (−75.2 ± 21.6%; t35 = −20.9, P < 0.0001), and overall less severe in the ventral part, corresponding to the VTA-innervated NAc (−50.8 ± 23.4%; t35 = −13, P < 0.0001). From the scatter plots in Fig. 4 one can see that the loss of TH+ innervation in the whole striatum was highly correlated with the overall cell loss measured by stereology in the midbrain (SN and VTA combined; R2 = 0.52, P < 0.0001; Fig. 4A), and that the loss of TH+ innervation in the dorsal striatum (CPu) was highly correlated with the TH+ cell loss in the SN (R2 = 0.61, P < 0.0001; selleck products Fig. 4B). The denervation of the ventral striatum, on the other hand, was less well correlated with the TH+

cell loss in the Crizotinib datasheet VTA (R2 = 0.34, P < 0.0001; Fig. 4C). Deficits in motor function were evaluated in the two drug-induced rotational asymmetry tests, amphetamine- and apomorphine-induced rotation, which are the most commonly used motor tests in unilaterally lesioned mice, and in two tests of spontaneous motor performance, the stepping and cylinder tests, which are standard tools in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats but are less commonly used in mice. In addition, we wanted to validate a novel motor performance test, the so-called corridor task (Dowd et al., 2005a), which so far has not been used for assessment Nutlin-3 supplier of motor impairments in mice. In Fig. 5, the performance of the individual 6-OHDA-lesioned mice in each of the five tests is plotted against the striatal TH+ innervation density (in panels A–E), and against the total number of

TH+ cells in SN and VTA combined (in panels F–J). Linear regression analysis showed that the corridor task had the best predictive value for both striatal denervation (R2 = 0.46, P < 0.0001; Fig. 5A) and TH+ cell loss in the midbrain (R2 = 0.29, P < 0.0001; Fig. 5F), followed by the apomorphine-induced rotation test (striatal denervation: R2 = 0.45, P < 0.0001; TH+ cell loss: R2 = 0.28, P < 0.0001; Fig. 5B and G). The scores recorded in the amphetamine-induced rotation test showed a significant correlation with both striatal denervation (R2 = 0.44, P < 0.0001; Fig. 5C) and TH+ cell loss (R2 = 0.23, P < 0.05; Fig. 5H). Closer inspection of the plots, however, reveals that this measure has much less predictive value than the two other tests. The impairment seen in the stepping test showed no correlation with striatal denervation (R2 = 0.08, P = 0.14, n.s; Fig. 5D) and only very weak correlation with the TH+ cell loss (R2 = 0.16, P < 0.05; Fig. 5I). The cylinder test, finally, showed only weak correlation with striatal denervation (R2 = 0.14, P < 0.05; Fig. 5E) and no correlation with TH+ cell loss (R2 = 0.04, P = 0.24, n.s; Fig. 5J).

Koike et al. (2003) reported that the majority (77%) of fiber-associated bacterial community in the rumen had < 97% similarity with 16S rRNA gene sequences of known bacteria. These results indicate that there is limited knowledge about ruminal fibrolytic species and the possible involvement of uncultured bacteria in ruminal fiber digestion. Through phylogenetic analysis of the fiber-associated community in the rumen, several bacterial groups consisting only of uncultured bacteria Selleckchem EPZ015666 have been detected (Koike et al., 2003; Shinkai et al., 2010).

Among these uncultured groups, our research group has been focusing on unknown group 2 (U2) that belongs to the phylum Firmicutes (Koike et al., 2003, 2010; Koike & Kobayashi, 2009). Group U2 has been detected as a large phylogenetic group with > 200 clones showing more than 97% similarity to the 16S rRNA gene sequence. The population

size of U2 in the rumen was significantly higher in the solid fraction compared with liquid fraction. Strong fluorescent signals from U2 cells attached to plant fibers were observed by fluorescence in situ hybridization in the rumen (Koike et al., 2010). Therefore, U2 seems to occupy a significant metabolically active niche in the fiber-associated bacterial community in the rumen. In a previous study, we successfully isolated two strains belonging to U2 (strains R-25 and B76) and found that several of their hemicellulolytic enzyme activities were higher than those of xylanolytic Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens H17c (Koike et al., 2010). Group U2 was phylogenetically distant Ruxolitinib in vivo from representative rumen isolates and formed a cluster with nonruminal, fibrolytic strains (Fig. 1). However, U2 strains could not utilize insoluble substrates, such as cellulose or xylan, and grew only on soluble sugars (Koike & Kobayashi, 2009). On the basis of these ecological and physiological findings, U2 members are expected to play a supporting

role in the rumen plant fiber digestion. The involvement of nonfibrolytic bacteria in rumen fiber digestion has been observed in coculture studies (Dehority & Scott, N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase 1967; Kudo et al., 1987; Osborne & Dehority, 1989; Fondevila & Dehority, 1996; Sawanon & Kobayashi, 2006; Sawanon et al., 2011). In these trials, digestion was enhanced by coexistence of fibrolytics and nonfibrolytics. Contribution of nonfibrolytics to fiber digestion is likely to be in an indirect manner, such as by hydrogen transfer or by cross-feeding of degradation and/or fermentation products derived from plant fiber (Flint, 1997). In this study, we investigated the role of a recently cultured bacterium belonging to group U2 in ruminal fiber digestion. Of the two strains from group U2, we used strain R-25 for coculture experiments with a representative ruminal fibrolytic bacterium, Fibrobacter succinogenes S85.

, 2010). For instance, while the deletion of Pil1 leads to

clustering of the remaining eisosome components, aberrant plasma membrane invaginations and the reduction of the endocytic rate in yeast (Walther et al., 2006), the deletion of Pil1 homologue in A. oryzea, and A. nidulans had no effect on endocytosis (Higuchi et al., 2009; Vangelatos et al., 2010). In view of the important role of Nce102 in eisosome assembly in yeast and the possible involvement in nonclassical export of AZD4547 mouse some virulence factors to the cell surface (Nombela et al., 2006), we carried out a gene knock out study to understand the role of Nce102 homologue in the growth and pathogenesis of A. fumigatus. We first identified the gene in fungal genome data base, cloned it, and generated a deletion mutant. The intracellular localization of AfuNce102 was also examined using EGFP-tagged AfuNce102. AfuNce102 deletion mutant showed a clear delay in conidiophore formation at 37 °C and severely affected sporulation at 25 °C. Asexual sporulation is a complex process that requires highly coordinated activity of upstream and central developmental pathways. For instance, FluG pathway contains several upstream developmental activators that can activate an overlapping regulatory pathway containing key

conidiation regulators like brlA and wetA (Etxebeste et al., 2010). In examination of brlA expression levels as the central regulator of conidiation, we did not detect any difference between the parental strain and the AfuNce102 deletion mutant indicating that AfuNce102

may not Ruxolitinib price influence brlA expression in A. fumigatus. AfuNce102 does not seem to be related to an extracellular sporulation activating factor (s), which is thought to be a product of fluG gene (D’Souza et al., 2001). This was concluded as the conidiation defect of AfuNce102 deletant was not suppressed when the mutant was grown in the vicinity of the wild type. In addition to the main regulatory pathways, several reports have introduced other key players in sporulation process. For example, Soid-Raggi et al. (2006) have identified a transmembrane flavoprotein, Tmpa, which is necessary for conidiophore formation in A. nidulans, and Li et al. (2007) demonstrated the role of normal sphingolipid metabolism in asexual sporulation. Although the deletion of eisosomal Liothyronine Sodium proteins, Pil A, PilB, or SurG, in A. nidulans has not changed the growth phenotype, sporulation, or spore survival (Vangelatos et al., 2010), the deletion of Nce102 homologue in A. fumigatus caused abnormal sporulation. The most severe defect in conidiation was observed at 25 °C. This may indicate an additional function for AfuNCE102 in fungal development. It has been proposed that Nce102 can modulate plasma membrane organization through sphingolipid signaling in yeast. The overexpression of Nce102 in yeast can block the inhibitory effect of a sphingolipid synthesis blocker, myriocin, on eisosomes (Frohlich et al., 2009).

The bacterial indicator strains used in this study are listed in Table 1. Bacterial growth was performed in Luria–Bertani (LB) broth at 37 °C. The producer strain B. subtilis B38 was grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB) at 30 °C. The antibacterial activity was assayed using the agar disk diffusion method as described previously (Tabbene et al., 2009a). The titer of antibacterial activity was expressed as activity units (AU) mL−1 and corresponded to the reciprocal of the highest dilution showing growth inhibition of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 indicator strain. To purify the S07-2 compound,

B. subtilis B38 was cultured in 1 L TSB as described previously (Tabbene et al., 2009a). The cell-free supernatant was subjected to methanol extraction. After centrifugation, the supernatant BYL719 was evaporated and the resulting precipitate was dissolved in MilliQ water and fractionated onto a Sep-Pak plus C18 cartridge (Waters, Division of Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA) using a discontinuous gradient of acetonitrile (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%

and 100%). The active fraction was applied onto a DEAE-Sepharose column (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). Elution was performed using 10 mM ammonium acetate buffers at different pH (7.5, 6, 5, 4 and 3). The active fraction was applied onto a C18 RP-HPLC column (250 × 4.6 mm). Elution was performed using a linear gradient of acetonitrile from 0% to 100% at a flow rate of 1 mL min−1 for 70 min. All collected fractions were dried under vacuum, dissolved in methanol and tested for their antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa. The active fraction was chromatographed once more, onto an HS PEG HPLC selleck chemicals llc column (250 ×

4.6 mm). Elution was performed using a linear gradient of acetonitrile from 0% to 100% in 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer, pH 6.8, at a flow rate of 0.8 mL min−1 for 40 min. The HPLC-purified fraction was subjected to TLC using n-butanol–methanol–water (39 : 10 : 20, v/v/v) as the mobile phase. The bioassay was performed as described previously (Tabbene et al., 2009a) using P. aeruginosa as the indicator strain. S07-2 compound was detected by UV light at 254 nm or by exposure to iodine and subjected to ninhydrin and 4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)diphenylmethane (TDM) staining methods according to Yu et al., 2002. The iron-binding capacity of the S07-2 compound was determined DOCK10 using chrome azurol sulfonate (CAS) agar blue solution according to Schwyn & Neilands (1987). The CAS agar solution was poured onto the developed TLC plate. A positive reaction was revealed by a change in the color of the CAS–iron complex from blue to orange. A preliminary detection of the radical-scavenging activity was conducted as described previously (Sreenivasan et al., 2007). The developed TLC plate was sprayed with 0.1% w/v 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methanolic solution. The compound with antiradical activity appeared as a yellow spot against the purple–blue background.