Materials and Methods This is a retrospective study based on the national AE reporting database and on the regional database system for deliveries. AEs recorded after the delivery of 1 of the 4 types of FFP were pairwise compared, with appropriate statistical corrections. this website Results 105964 FFP units were delivered (38 center dot 4% Q, 17 center dot 9% SD, 9 center dot 7% MB and 34% AI). Statistical comparisons of AEs identified only a difference in AE rates between quarantine and solventdetergent plasma. Conclusions FFP was confirmed to be extremely safe in general, especially if one considers severe’ AEs. All types of FFP were associated

with extremely low occurrences of AEs. Q, SD, MB and AI led, respectively, to 7 center dot 14, 4 center dot 86, 1 center dot 05 and 4 center dot 16 AEs per 10000 deliveries.”
“Drug-resistant

virus infection has been a major hurdle in the management of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Recently, three novel antiretrovirals [raltegravir (RAL), etravirine (ETR), and darunavir (DRV)] were introduced into the market almost simultaneously, and salvage Belnacasan regimens containing these three antiretrovirals have been reported to exhibit strong potency against drug-resistant HIV-1 infection. However, the sustainability of such regimens remains unclear, particularly for patients infected with multidrug-resistant viruses. Here we report a case of super-multidrug-resistant HIV-1 infection which has been successfully controlled by novel combination therapy including RAL, ETR, and DRV for over 2 years, indicating that the novel combination could become an ultimate weapon against drug-resistant HIV infection

and could alter the landscape of HIV salvage therapy.”
“Objective: To discuss the unusual occurrence of both familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) and primary hyperparathyroidism in the same patient and to explore potential mechanisms of association and issues related to clinical management.

Methods: We discuss the diagnosis, compare the clinical presentations of FHH and click here primary hyperparathyroidism, review the literature regarding patients who have presented with both disorders, and discuss management considerations. We also describe 2 patients who have both FHH. (confirmed by genetic testing for a mutation in the gene encoding the calcium-sensing receptor [CASR] and primary hyperparathyroidism.

Results: The occurrence of both FHH and primary hyperparathyroidism in the same patient has been reported in a few cases, including 2 patients described here, one of whom was documented to have a novel CASR mutation. In those with clinical sequelae of hyperparathyroidism, parathyroidectomy has led to reduction, but not normalization, of serum calcium levels.

TOP was measured in both the eyes before and after insertion of airway device for 5 min.

Results: The IOP increased significantly from 27.3 Selleck MK2206 +/- 5.2 to 31.2 +/- 5.4 mmHg (P < 0.001) after tracheal intubation but returned to baseline within 5 min. The IOP did not change from the baseline after insertion of LMA. The TOP was significantly higher in group TT compared to group LMA at 2 min (P = 0.004) and 5 min (P = 0.01) after the device insertion. The heart rate (HR) increased significantly after tracheal intubation

and returned to baseline 4 min after intubation. The HR increase was significantly more in TT group compared to LMA group at all times of observation. Both systolic blood pressure (SBP; P = 0.01) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP; P = 0.02) showed an increase at 1 min in children in group TT.

Conclusion: Insertion of LMA in glaucomatous children

is not associated with an increased IOP response or cardiovascular changes.”
“Background: Use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) continues to offer potential strategy for malaria prevention in endemic areas. However their effectiveness, sustainability and massive scale up remain a factor of socio-economic and cultural variables of the local community which are indispensable during design and implementation stages.

Methods: An ethnographic household survey was conducted in four study villages which were purposefully selected to represent socio-economic and geographical diversity. In total, 400 households were randomly selected

from the four study Flavopiridol villages. Quantitative and qualitative information of the respondents were collected by use of semi-structured questionnaires and focus group discussions.

Results: Malaria was reported the most frequently occurring disease in the area (93%) and its aetiology was attributed to other non-biomedical causes like stagnant water (16%), and long rains (13%). Factors which significantly caused variation in bed net use were occupant relationship to household head (chi(2) = 105.705; df 14; P = 0.000), Age (chi(2) = 74.483; df 14; P = 0.000), village (chi(2) = 150.325; df 6; P = 0.000), occupation (chi(2) = 7.955; df AZD1208 ic50 3; P = 0.047), gender (chi(2) = 4.254; df 1; P = 0.039) and education levels of the household head or spouse (chi(2) = 33.622; df 6; P = 0.000). The same variables determined access and conditions of bed nets at household level. Protection against mosquito bite (95%) was the main reason cited for using bed nets in most households while protection against malaria came second (54%). Colour, shape and affordability were some of the key potential factors which determined choice, use and acceptance of bed nets in the study area.

Conclusion: The study highlights potential social and economic variables important for effective and sustainable implementation of bed nets-related programmes in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 9, 112-121 (2013); published online 18 December 2012; doi:10.1038/nrneph.2012.281″
“Objective. To determine if the mode of delivery in preterm gestations is associated with changes in maternal and neonatal outcome.

Methods. A retrospective cohort study that included all singleton deliveries occurring after spontaneous onset of labour between 25 + 0 and 32 + 6 weeks of gestation. Cases of early preterm delivery were identified from clinical records and classified according to the mode of delivery. The following outcomes

were derived for each case and compared between caesarean and vaginal deliveries: perinatal death, cranial findings compatible with haemorrhage or white matter disease in the neonate, new-onset of maternal severe anaemia or pyrexia.

Results. CYT387 From 1990 to 2007, 109 cases of spontaneous preterm labour were retrospectively selected, including 50 (45.8%) caesarean sections and 59 (54.2%) vaginal deliveries. Perinatal death occurred in 10 infants (9.1%), whereas among survivors abnormal cerebral findings were detected in 20, including 6 cases with haemorrhage, 12 with white matter findings and 2 with both. At multiple logistic regression, a birthweight lower than 1100 g was the only predictor

of all adverse outcomes, whereas male sex increased the risk of white matter findings. Caesarean section compared to vaginal delivery conferred a higher risk of maternal complications buy Ro-3306 (23/50 or 46% vs. 6/59 or 10.2%; OR: 11.9, CI 95%: 4.2-333; p < 0.0005).

Conclusions. In severely premature infants born www.selleckchem.com/products/crenolanib-cp-868596.html after spontaneous onset of labour, the risk of adverse perinatal outcome does not seem to depend upon the mode of delivery, whereas the risk of maternal complications is significantly increased after Caesarean

section.”
“Objective: To critically appraise the topic, questioning whether administering antiviral medication in case of Ramsay Hunt syndrome improves the restoration of facial nerve function.

Methods: We reviewed the literature on this subject and calculated the odds ratios for the different treatment modalities.

Results: Our study clearly shows that antiviral medication in combination with corticosteroids improves the outcome for patients with Ramsay Hunt syndrome.

Conclusion: Contrary to a recent Cochrane Library review, we conclude that patients with Ramsay Hunt syndrome should be treated with combination therapy including antivirals.”
“OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of myocardial histological changes in an experimental animal model of neonatal hypoxia-reoxygenation.

METHODS: Normocapnic hypoxia was induced in 40 male Landrace/Large White piglets. Reoxygenation was initiated when the animals developed bradycardia (HR <60 beats/min) or severe hypotension (MAP <15 mmHg). The animals were divided into four groups based on the oxygen (O-2) concentration used for reoxygenation; groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 received 18%, 21%, 40%, and 100% O-2, respectively.

J Heart Lung Transplant 2011;30:395-401 (C) 2011 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. All rights reserved.”
“Dicephalic parapagus is a rare anomaly of monochorionic twinning. We present prenatal diagnosis of this anomaly with ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. She was at the 19th week of gestation. Even if earlier

diagnosis is possible, this was her first examination unfortunately. Baby had two head and a common trunk. This is one of the rarest twinning. Termination of pregnancy is performed selleck inhibitor and baby is delivered by cesarean section. Imaging findings of the case are illustrated and discussed with the autopsy findings.”
“This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the effects of cyclic damage and adhesion on nanoscale Au thin films deposited on a flexible poly(dimethyl-siloxane)

substrate. The deformation and cracking mechanisms are elucidated as functions of film thickness. The implications of the results are also discussed for the design of stretchable electronic structures. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3510488]“
“BACKGROUND: Risk stratification for mechanical circulatory support (MCS) has emerged as an important tool in patient selection and outcomes assessment. Most studies examining risk stratification have been limited to pulsatile devices. We use the Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS) to stratify patients with continuous-flow devices and assess outcomes in less severe, but 3-MA nmr functionally impaired, heart failure patients.

METHODS: This study included 101 bridge-to-transplant and destination-therapy patients at 3 centers. Three groups were studied: Group 1, cardiogenic shock (INTERMACS Profile 1); Group 2, inotrope-dependent (INTERMACS Profile 2 or 3); and Group 3, ambulatory advanced heart failure (INTERMACS Profiles 4 to 7). The

outcomes of interest were actuarial survival, survival to discharge and length of stay.

RESULTS: Survival at 36 months was better in Group 3 than in Group 1(95.8% vs 51.1%, p = 0.011), but not between Groups 2 and 3 (68.8 vs 95.8%, p = 0.065). Lengths of stay for Groups 1 to 3 were 44, 41 and 17 days: Groups 1 vs 3, p <0.001; Groups 2 vs 3, p < 0.001; and Groups 1 vs 2, PF-00299804 order p = 0.62. Lengths of stay for survivors were 49, 39 and 14 for the 3 groups: Groups 1 vs 3, p < 0.001; Groups 2 vs 3, p < 0.001; and Groups 1 vs 2, p = 0.28.

CONCLUSION: INTERMACS classification is a useful metric for risk-stratifying candidates for MCS. Less acutely ill but functionally impaired heart failure patients receiving continuous-flow LVADs had longer short- and long-term survival and shorter lengths of stay compared with patients who were more acutely ill. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011;30:402-7 (C) 2011 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.

tenella. All chickens were euthanized to determine the effects of immunization on the 7th day post-challenge. The results showed that both DNA vaccines containing the SO7 gene and the recombinant SO7 protein could obviously alleviate body weight loss and cecal lesions compared with unvaccinated and challenged control. These findings also suggested that chicken IL-2 could effectively enhance the immunity of SO7 against E. tenella challenge compared with vaccination using pVAX-SO7 alone. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: To retrospectively compare the diagnostic performance of 1.5- and 3.0-T magnetic resonance (MR) imaging protocols for evaluating the articular

cartilage of the knee joint in symptomatic patients.

Materials and Methods: This HIPAA-compliant study was performed with a waiver of informed consent from the institutional review board. The study group consisted of 200 symptomatic patients undergoing VX-680 MR examination of the knee at 1.5 T (61 men, 39 women; mean age, 38.9 years) or 3.0 T (52 men, 48 women; mean age, 39.1 years), who also underwent subsequent arthroscopic knee surgery. All MR examinations consisted of multiplanar fast spin-echo sequences with similar tissue contrast at 1.5 and 3.0 T. All articular surfaces were graded at arthroscopy by using the Noyes classification system. Three

musculoskeletal radiologists retrospectively and independently graded all articular surfaces seen at MR imaging by using a similar classification system. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the 1.5- and 3.0-T MR protocols for detecting cartilage CAL-101 research buy lesions were determined by using arthroscopy as the reference standard. The z test was used to compare sensitivity, JIB04 specificity, and accuracy values at 1.5 and 3.0 T.

Results:

For all readers combined, the respective sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of MR imaging for detecting cartilage lesions were 69.3%, 78.0%, and 74.5% at 1.5 T (n = 241) and 70.5%, 85.9%, and 80.1% at 3.0 T (n = 226). The MR imaging protocol had significantly higher specificity and accuracy (P < .05) but not higher sensitivity (P = .73) for detecting cartilage lesions at 3.0 T than at 1.5 T.

Conclusion: A 3.0-T MR protocol has improved diagnostic performance for evaluating the articular cartilage of the knee joint in symptomatic patients when compared with a 1.5- T protocol. (c) RSNA, 2009″
“Polarization forces have become of high interest in micro- and nanomechanical systems. In this paper, an analytical model for a transduction scheme based on the Kelvin polarization force is presented. A dielectric beam is actuated by placing it over the gap of two coplanar electrodes. Finite element method simulations are used to characterize the scheme and to evaluate a field correction factor, which results from simplifying the form of the electric field. The model has been shown to be valid for dielectrics with different permittivities.

42, 95% confidence interval (CI) AG-881 Metabolism inhibitor 0.20-0.88, P = 0.019), and more than twice as likely to be of type B as to be of type O (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.16-0.89, P = 0.02). Furthermore, individuals with severe malaria were about six fold less likely to be of O as to be of type AB (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.07-0.51, P = 0.0005).

Conclusion: The study revealed that on the basis

of the three criteria (cerebral malaria, severe anaemia and circulatory collapse) used to determine severity in P. falciparum malaria, patients with blood group O, which is less prone to rosetting have a reduced chance of developing severe falciparum malaria as compared to patients with other blood groups.”
“Word learning is studied in a multitude of ways, and it is often not clear what the relationship

is between different phenomena. In this article, we begin by outlining a very simple functional framework that despite its simplicity can serve as a useful organizing scheme for thinking about various types of studies of word learning. We then www.selleckchem.com/products/ly3023414.html review a number of themes that in recent years have emerged as important topics in the study of word learning, and relate them to the functional framework, noting nevertheless that these topics have tended to be somewhat separate areas of study. In the third part of the article, we describe a recent computational model and discuss how it offers a framework that can integrate and relate these various topics in word learning to each other. We conclude that issues that have typically been studied as separate topics Geneticin datasheet can perhaps more fruitfully

be thought of as closely integrated, with the present framework offering several suggestions about the nature of such integration.”
“Background:

Living kidney donors (LKD) allow for increased access to lifesaving organs for transplantation. There is a relative paucity of African American (AA) live kidney donors. The prevalence of medical disease in LKD candidates has not been well studied. We examined the medical limitations to living kidney donation in a large Midwestern transplant center.

Methods:

A total of 2519 adults (age >= 18 ) evaluated as potential LKD (PD) between January 1, 1996 and June 30, 2006 were prospectively followed until evaluation outcome (completed live donation, medical exclusion from live donation, non-medical exclusion from live donation). Logistic regression was used to examine the effect of age on donor exclusion, and chi-square tests were used to compare the likelihood of donor exclusions between racial and gender groups.

Results:

Sixty percent of PD were female (n = 1300), and 86% were Caucasian (CA) (n = 1862). Overall, 48.7% of PD who underwent evaluation became LKD. The odds of donation were 52% lower in AA compared to CA (OR 0.48 p < 0.001). Among PD excluded from donation, the most common medical diagnoses were hypertension (HTN) (24.7%), inadequate creatinine clearance (10.6%) and a positive final crossmatch (10.5%).

DEX (1 mu M, 24 h) increased significantly ABCB1 and GR mRNA expression levels by

around 8- and 3.5-fold, respectively (P<10(-6)). ABCB1 induction by DEX in CCRF-CEM cells suggests a potential risk of interaction in lymphocytes when associating DEX to LDN-193189 inhibitor ABCB1 substrates in antiretroviral multitherapies in vivo.”
“Arabidopsis thaliana SUPERMAN (SUP) plays an important role during flower development by maintaining the boundary between stamens and carpels in the inner two whorls. It was proposed that SUP maintains this boundary by regulating cell proliferation in both whorls, as loss-of-function superman mutants produce more stamens at the expense of carpels. However, the cellular mechanism that underlies SUP function remains unknown. Here Arabidopsis or tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) SUP was overexpressed in tobacco plants to substantiate SUP’s role as a regulator of cell proliferation and boundary definition and provide evidence that its biological

role may be mediated via hormonal changes. It was found that moderate levels of SUP stimulated cell growth and proliferation, whereas high levels were inhibitory. SUP stimulated auxin- and cytokinin-regulated processes, and cells overexpressing SUP displayed reduced hormone dependency for proliferation and regeneration SB203580 price into plants. SUP also induced proliferation of female traits in the second and third flower whorls and promoted differentiation of petaloid properties in sepals, further supporting a role for SUP as a boundary regulator. Moreover, cytokinin suppressed stamen development and promoted differentiation www.selleckchem.com/products/nsc-23766.html of carpeloid tissues, suggesting that SUP may regulate male and female development via its effect on cytokinin signalling. Taken together, these observations suggest a model whereby the effect of SUP on cell growth and proliferation involves the modulation of auxin- and cytokinin-regulated processes. Furthermore, differential SUP expression or different sensitivities

of different cell types to SUP may determine whether SUP stimulates or suppresses their proliferation.”
“We fabricate a heterostructure of SmNiO3 and VO2 on silicon wherein both correlated oxides undergo a metal-insulator transition at different threshold temperatures. It is demonstrated that the threshold voltage for electrically switching the VO2 from insulating to metallic can be tuned depending on the conducting state of the SmNiO3 layer. An electrically triggered SmNiO3 phase transition induces a resistance modification in the layer, which alters the field distribution and shifts the effective threshold voltage for VO2 switching in a non-volatile manner. The ability to tune the switching characteristics in such heterostructures could be relevant for emerging correlated oxide adaptive electron devices. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.

David Gozal, Carole L Marcus and Christian Guilleminault presented with most publications and citations to them. W.H. Dietz’ paper published in Pediatrics in 1998 received 764 citations. Eighty-four authors from 11 countries participated in 16 scientific events held in 12 countries which were immediately devoted to sleep research. Their 13 articles were cited 170 times in Web of Science. Authors from the University of Louisville, Stanford University, and University of Pennsylvania published most papers on pediatric sleep apnea abstracted in these data-bases.

Conclusions: The newly created data-base with

the researchers’ names, addresses and publications could be used by scientists from smaller countries for further improvement of their international collaboration. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Downhill Galardin oesophageal varices (DEV) may occur as a rare complication of superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction. DEV are usually associated with SVC obstruction caused by systemic vasculitis or mediastinal tumours. In this Vorinostat solubility dmso report, we describe a very rare case of DEV resulting from SVC graft occlusion after resection of a thymoma. A 66-year old man with an invasive thymoma was treated by radical resection and bypass grafting from the right brachiocephalic vein to

the right atrium. Occlusion of the SVC graft was diagnosed postoperatively; however, the patient could be managed conservatively. Although there had been no significant findings in the oesophagus in previous endoscopic examinations, grade F2 varices were found in the proximal oesophagus in the 19th postoperative month, and DEV caused by SVC graft occlusion was diagnosed. Until now, 2 years since the diagnosis, no apparent symptoms or deterioration of the DEV have been observed. The possible development of DEV should be borne in mind during the follow-up of patients with postoperative SVC graft occlusion.”
“An intensive effort has been directed toward finding alternative LY2606368 manufacturer drugs for treatment of Chagas’ disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), and prophylaxis of blood in endemic areas. The preparation and in

vitro evaluation as potential anti-protozoal agent of (2E)-N-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-3-(2,5-di- methoxyphenyl)-2-propenamide (CAD-1) is presented. The results show that 0.05 mM CAD-1 induced 58.1 % of T. cruzi epimastigotes death; mainly by apoptosis. The diminution in the transmembrane mitochondrial electrical potential together with the increase in the intracellular generation/accumulation of reactive oxygen species, suggest the parasites mitochondria as the main target for CAD-1 induced death. The concentration of 0.05 mM CAD-1 is not low enough to consider it as a potent tripanocydal agent. However the novel mechanism that induces T. cruzi death, together with the novelty of its chemical structure, point out CAD-1 as a head group compound that could serve as a template to obtain new, more potent anti-Chagas disease agents.

Therefore, a long-term follow-up and a large-scale study are necessary to confirm ALK inhibitor the effect of DCLWC. Copyright (C) 2011, Elsevier Taiwan LLC. All rights reserved.”
“. There is increasing interest in developing

noninvasive means to evaluate liver fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease to determine disease severity, prognosis and optimal treatment. Transient elastography (TE) has previously been demonstrated to predict the presence or absence of advanced fibrosis. The current study was conducted to determine whether TE can identify patients with chronic liver disease at risk of clinical decompensation. A total of 667 patients underwent TE and were followed MAPK inhibitor for a median of 861 days and 57 patients achieved the primary outcome, a composite of clinical endpoints including death, ascites, encephalopathy, increased Child Score =2, variceal bleed, hepatocellular carcinoma or listing for transplant. Overall, TE had an area under the receiver operating characteristic

curve of 0.87 for predicting clinical outcome. Using a cut-off of 10.5 kPa, TE has a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value (NPV) of 94.7%, 63.0%, 19.3% and 99.2%, respectively. A predictive model for clinical events was developed using generalized cross-validation for clinical endpoints considering TE, liver biopsy results and multiple other predictors. Individually, TE performed better than biopsy, or any other variable, for predicting clinical outcome [Harrells C Statistic 0.86 for TE, 0.78 for stage]. Patients with a TE score of >12.5 kPa were found to have a relative hazard

for clinical event of 18.99 compared with patients with TE score <10.5. A combined variable model including TE, aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ratio and model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) yielded the highest predictive accuracy with Harrells C value of 0.93. In the subset of patients with cirrhosis, TE was not found to be independently associated with clinical outcomes in univariate or multivariate analysis although it retained a high sensitivity and NPV of 97.5% and 92.3%, respectively, at a kPa cut-off of 10.5. TE can BMS345541 successfully identify patients with chronic liver disease who are at low risk of clinical decompensation over a time period of 2 years.”
“Two reliable mathematical models for batch and fed-batch cultures were developed to describe the microbial growth and the carotenoids production of the yeast strain 25-2 of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (formerly Phaffia rhodozyma). The carbon source was date juice obtained from the Yucca filhfera. In order to determine the best batch model two different specific growth rate combinations were evaluated, one for substrate saturation with product inhibition and other for substrate and product inhibition.

“
“Plant virus infection spreads from cell-to-cell within the host with the aid of viral movement proteins (MPs) that transport infectious genomes through intercellular pores called plasmodesmata (PD). MPs are able to accomplish RNA trafficking independent of virus infection. However, although dispensable for replication,

they often associate with or assist in the formation of viral replication complexes. Quantitative analyses of genetic bottlenecks during TH-302 inhibitor infection, as well as considerations of transport specificity, suggest that intricate links between replication and movement may facilitate efficient delivery of plant viruses through PD during early infection, at a stage when viral genomes are still rare.”
“Muscleblind-like 3 (MBNL3) belongs to a family of RNA binding proteins that regulate alternative splicing. We have generated a set of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against mouse MBNL3, three of which do not cross-react with the other muscleblind-like (MBNL) proteins, MBNL1 and MBNL2. Epitope mapping revealed that MAbs P1C7, P1E7, SP1C2, and P2E6 recognize SN-38 supplier distinct, non-overlapping segments of the MBNL3 polypeptide

sequence. Immunohistochemical staining of proliferating muscle precursor cells localized MBNL3 to the nucleus in a punctate pattern, characteristic of subcellular structures in the nucleus enriched in pre-messenger RNA splicing factors. Although MBNL3 did not co-localize with SC35 and PSP1 (widely used markers of splicing speckles and paraspeckles), the punctate localization pattern of MBNL3 within interchromatin regions of the nucleus is highly predictive of proteins involved in pre-mRNA processing. Monoclonal antibodies specific for mouse MBNL3 will facilitate further investigation of the expression pattern and unique functions of this splicing factor during development and in different adult mouse tissues.”
“Objective: To identify determinants

of different patterns of knee pain buy JQ-EZ-05 with a focus on risk factors for knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Design: The Knee Pain Map is an interviewer-administered assessment that asks subjects to characterize their knee pain as localized, regional, or diffuse. A total of 2677 participants from the Osteoarthritis Initiative were studied. We used multinomial logistic regression to examine the relationship between risk factors for OA and knee pain patterns. We examined the bivariate and multivariate relationships of knee pain pattern with age, body mass index (BMI), sex, race, family history of total joint replacement, knee injury, knee surgery, and hand OA.

Results: We compared 2462 knees with pain to 1805 knees without pain. In the bivariate analysis, age, sex, BMI, injury, surgery, and hand OR were associated with at least one pain pattern. In the multivariate model, all of these variables remained significantly associated with at least one pattern.