Thus, the results of this previous report suggest that SMs synthesized by SGMS1 can be easily incorporated into membranous replication complexes. As for SGMS2, we found that HCV infection significantly increased the expression of SGMS2, although the relationship between SGMS2 and HCV replication was hardly seen in this study. The relationship between SGMS2 and HCV propagation, thus, biological activity is an issue that should be elucidated in future studies. We also demonstrated in this study that reduction of SM molecular species by NA808, a hepatotropic SPT inhibitor with little immunosuppressive activity, inhibits HCV replication in humanized chimeric mice regardless of viral genotype (Figure 4). Notably, treatment with NA808 (5 mg/kg) restored SM and ceramide levels in the liver to the levels observed in uninfected chimeric mice (Figure 5).

Apparently, a slight reduction in SM had a significant influence on HCV, indicating that SM plays an important role in the HCV life cycle. SM is required for many viral processes in host-pathogen interactions [29]�C[31]. For instance, viral envelopes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) are enriched with SM, which is necessary for efficient virus infectivity [32], [33]. With regard to HCV, in addition to efficient virus infectivity [34], SM is present in the raft domain, which serves as a site of virus replication, together with other sphingolipids and cholesterol [6]. Moreover, SM is a component of VLDL whose assembly component and pathway is required for HCV morphogenesis and secretion [34], [35].

The above-mentioned observations suggest that SM plays a multifaceted role in the HCV life cycle; therefore, SM is likely to be a good therapeutic target. HCV is thought to replicate in a specialized compartment characterized as a DRM (designated as the membranous replication complex) [6]. SM, cholesterol, and phosphatidylinositol (PI) are thought to be the lipids that make up the membranous replication complex. With regard to PI, several siRNA screening have recently identified type III phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases (PI4K) as crucial host factors for HCV replication [36]�C[39]. In HCV replicon containing cells, PI4P distribution is altered and enriched in the membranous replication complex by PI4KIII�� synthesis. Although the ability of PI to influence membrane bending and regulate intracellular processes (e.

g. vesicle fusion, budding, and sorting) has been reported, the role of PI4P in the formation of the membranous replication complex remains to be elucidated. SM and cholesterol organize the solid membrane characterized as the DRM, where HCV replicates [6]. In fact, we and other Anacetrapib groups demonstrated that reduction of SM and cholesterol suppressed HCV replication [7], [9], [12], [40]. We performed the immunofluorescent analysis using lysenin. However, lysenin did not co-localize with NS4B protein.

01 nM) and a half-maximal effect at 0.70�C1.0 nM (Fig. 4, A and B; Table 2). Peptide #1 was 3- to 12-fold more potent at activating PLC in hNMB-R cells than was the natural ligand NMB (1�C12 blog post nM; Fig. 4, A and B; Table 2), and 38- to 700-fold more potent at stimulating the production of [3H]IP than was GRP. Neither Bantag-1 nor MK-5046 activated hGRP-R, even at concentrations of 1000 nM (Fig. 4, A and B; Table 2). To further explore the ability of Bantag-1 to function as a possible hBRS-3�Creceptor antagonist, we assessed its ability to inhibit a maximally effective concentration of either peptide #1 (Fig. 5, A and B) or the nonpeptide agonist MK-5046 (Fig. 5, C and D). The antagonist Bantag-1 causes a concentration-dependent inhibition of PLC stimulation caused by both agonists (i.e.

, peptide #1, MK-5046) in the two hBRS-3 cell types (Fig. 5, A�CD). With peptide #1, Bantag-1 caused detectable inhibition at 1 nM, half-maximal inhibition at 52.3 �� 2.7 nM, and complete inhibition at 10 ��M in hBRS-3 Balb 3T3 cells (Fig. 5A). In NCI-N417 cells, Bantag-1 caused detectable inhibition of stimulation by peptide #1 at 30 nM, half-maximal inhibition at 137 �� 15 nM, and complete inhibition at 10 ��M (Fig. 5B). With MK-5046 (0.01 ��M) in hBRS-3 Balb 3T3 cells, Bantag-1 caused half-maximal inhibition at 27.5 �� 2.5 nM (Fig. 5C), whereas in NCI-N417 cells half-maximal inhibition occurred at 3.2 �� 0.56 nM (Fig. 5D). A 100 nM concentration of Bantag-1 caused a parallel rightward shift in the peptide #1 (Fig. 6, A and C) and MK-5046 (Fig. 6, B and D) dose-response curves for generation of [3H]IP.

A lesser concentration of Bantag-1 caused a proportional shift in the peptide #1 dose-response curve (data not shown), and when this rightward shift was analyzed by determining the Schild coefficient, it was 1.04 �� 0.09 for peptide #1 in hBRS-3 Balb 3T3 cells (not significantly different than unity), compatible with it functioning as a competitive antagonist with an affinity of 0.57 �� 0.15 nM. Fig. 5. Bantag-1 inhibits [3H]IP production in hBRS-3 Balb 3T3 (A and C) and NCI-N417 (B and D) cells. (A and B) Antagonist Bantag-1 alters [3H]IP production stimulated by 0.1 ��M peptide #1. The results are expressed as the percentage of stimulation caused … Fig. 6. Bantag-1 alters the dose-response curves of peptide #1 and MK-5046 stimulated [3H]IP in cells containing hBRS-3.

(A and C) Effect of the antagonist Bantag-1 (100 nM) on the dose-response curve of peptide #1 for stimulating [3H] production. The results … To gain possible insight into the biphasic nature of the MK-5046 dose-response curve for stimulating [3H]IP generation, Cilengitide we examined the effect of adding increasing concentrations of MK-5046 to a maximally effective concentration of peptide #1 (Fig. 7, A and B) or of adding increasing concentrations of the antagonist Bantag-1 to a supramaximal concentration of MK-5046 (Fig. 7, C and D).

Animals in group 1 were continuously fed a VAD diet and served as controls to determine thoroughly baseline levels of ��,��-carotene and retinoids. Animals in groups 2 and 3 received diets supplemented with ��,��-carotene (0.15 mg/g). To analyze the effect of preformed retinoids on ��,��-carotene absorption, mice in group 3 were additionally gavaged weekly with dietary vitamin A (300 UI), i.e., VAS diet. After 15 wk, we sacrificed these mice and determined ��,��-carotene and retinoid levels in liver and blood (Fig. 4). In animals of group 1, retinoid stores in the liver were largely depleted (Fig. 4B), demonstrating that the nonsupplemented diet effectively induced systemic vitamin A deficiency in these mice. This deficiency was also evidenced by an accumulation of serum RBP4 in the liver (Fig. 4A).

Retinol bound to RBP4 is the major transported form of retinoid in the blood, and RBP4 is secreted from the liver in a vitamin A-dependent manner (29). In ��,��-carotene supplemented WT mice (group 2), vitamin A levels in the liver were significantly increased over baseline levels of animals subjected to dietary vitamin A deprivation (Fig. 4B). Accordingly, liver RBP4 levels were decreased significantly compared to animals of group 1 (Fig. 4A). As expected, ��,��-carotene supplementation of BCMO1-knockout mice did not result in vitamin A production. Livers of these animals lacked retinoids, and they showed elevated hepatic RBP4 levels similarly to the vitamin A-deficient animals of group 1 (Fig. 4A, B). Instead, this mouse mutant accumulated large amounts of ��,��-carotene in the liver and blood (Fig.

4C, D). Supplementation with a combination of vitamin A and ��,��-carotene (group 3) significantly increased liver retinoid levels in BCMO1-knockout mice (Fig. 4B). Vitamin A-replenishment of BCMO1-knockout mice in group 3 was also evidenced by a decrease in liver RBP4 levels (Fig. 4A). Most important, dietary vitamin A prevented high levels of ��,��-carotene accumulation in BCMO1-knockout mice. Even though these animals were supplemented with the same amount of ��,��-carotene as their littermates of group 2, ��,��-carotene levels in the blood and liver were 22- and 20-fold lower, respectively. Figure 4. Retinoids control intestinal ��,��-carotene absorption levels. A) Immunoblot analysis for RBP4 in liver protein extracts from control and BCMO1?/? mice.

B, C) Levels of total Carfilzomib vitamin A (all-trans-retinol and retinyl esters) … ��,��-Carotene accumulation is correlated with decreased ISX and increased SR-BI expression in BCMO1-knockout mice We observed that dietary vitamin A can prevent ��,��-carotene accumulation in BCMO1-deficient mice. This finding is likely explained by the RA dependent induction of ISX that repressed intestinal SR-BI expression (see above) required for ��,��-carotene absorption (12).

CPMS contained 74 questions http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Belinostat.html pertaining to 8 factors i.e. intelligence with behaviour problems, conduct disorders, anxiety, depression, psychotic symptoms, special symptoms, physical illness emotional problems and somatisation. Each question was directed to the mother regarding the child’s behaviour during past one year. These answers were scored on two-point scale i.e., ��0�� if that particular behaviour is not present and ��1��, if present. Those children who scored 10 or more on this score were considered positive for psychopathological disorders. All the children were clinically examined and anthropometric measurements were recorded. Using this cut-off score, the sensitivity and specificity for detecting probable psychopathological disorders reported by authors was 82% and 87% respectively.

After taking permission of respective principals and parents of the children, personal data sheets were distributed separately for each school on separate days. After collecting the data sheet, CPMS was distributed to the same children. After completion of CPMS by parents of the children, these were collected back and analysed. The children who scored more than 10 were assessed further and interviewed clinically and were diagnosed according to International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10) criteria. Data was tabulated and Chi-Square test was used for statistical analysis. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS In the present study among 982 children, 528 (53.8%) were males and 454 (46.2%) were females. Mean age of the students was 12.5��2.4 years.

Most of the children were from the income group of 10000-20000 INR/month, which was higher among the male students. Among 982 students, 181 students (31.7%) scored >10 in CPMS score. There was no significant difference between male and female groups regarding CPMS score [Table 1]. Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics and childhood psychopathology measurement schedule score After screening 311 students, 199 students (20.2%) found to have psychiatric illness according to ICD-10 criteria. It was observed that most of the students (57 students, 28.6%) having psychiatric illness were in the age group of 13-14 years followed by 23.6% in age group of 14-15 years and 22.1% in the age of 12-13 years. There was no significant sexual preference. Children having psychiatric illness mostly (87 students, 43.

7%) were from the income group GSK-3 10,000-20,000 INR which was significantly higher (P<0.001) than the other two economical groups. Psychiatric disorders were seen prevalent in the children having second birth order (111 students, 55.7%) which was significantly higher (P<0.001) than two other groups. No significant difference was found among children from nuclear & joint family. The table also shows that significantly higher (P<0.001) number of students (98 students, 49.2%) were in the score of 10-20 in the CPMS scale [Table 2].

Both investigators had to be in agreement for a tumor to be called negative. Immunoprecipitation, Ubiquitination Assay, and Proteasomal Inhibition Proteasomal inhibition was achieved by pre-treatment of cells with 10 ��M of MG-132 (Calchemie) for 30 minutes. 80 ��g of total protein lysate from various treatments were incubated with 1 mg of p21 antibody Palbociclib purchase (# sc-469, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) overnight at 4��C. Protein G beads (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) were added for 4 hours. After denaturation with sample buffer, Western blotting was performed on 4�C20% gradient gels (Biorad, Hercules, CA) and nitrocellulose membranes after boiling for 15 minutes incubated with antibodies against ubiquitin (11000) (# sc-8017) antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), p21 and IgG (# 111-035-008; Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA) or GAPDH (# sc-47724; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) as respective controls.

Statistical Analysis Differences between two respective groups were determined using Student��s t-test. Probability values less than 0.05 were considered to be significant. Data shown represents repeated experiments on multiple biological replicates. For association of p21 localization with receptor status, we performed Chi-Square test calculations using the MedCalc? software (Version 11.6.1). Supporting Information Figure S1 p21 mediates TGF��-induced growth suppresion and counteracts TGF��-induced SMAD4-independent migration in the presence of SMAD4. A) FET cells were treated with either scramble (SC) or p21 specific siRNA. Growth suppresion was assessed by MTT-metabolic assay following TGF�� treatment.

TGF�� induced cell grwoth inhibition in the presence of p21, but the effect was reversed in the absence of p21. B) Total viability is decreased in SMAD4-wild type colon cancer cells following TGF�� treatment in the presence of p21. FET cells were treated with either scramble (SC) or p21 specific siRNA. Cell viability was assessed by trypan blue staining following TGF�� treatment. Trypan blue positiv cells after TGF�� treatment were decreased in presence of p21, but increased after p21 knockdown. C) TGF�� induced cell migration in SMAD4-positiv and SMAD4-negativ cell lines. Cellular migration is induced in SMAD4-wild type FET cells and SMAD4-null SW480 cells following TGF�� treatment, but more pronounced induction of migration is seen in the absence of SMAD4.

D) p21 knockdown increased TGF��-induced migration in FET cells. Loss of in the absence of SMAD4 does not further increase migratory induction (*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001). (TIF) Click here for additional data file.(364K, tif) Table S1 Characteristics of colon Drug_discovery cancer patient cohort randomly selected from North Carolina Colorectal Cancer Study (NCCCS) (19, 20) (patients 1�C15) and NW cohort (patients 16�C56) for p21 staining. Four patients from the NW cohort did not have a stage information available (X). (DOC) Click here for additional data file.(92K, doc) Acknowledgments We thank Dr. John M.

These organisms are selleck chemicals often termed preservation recalcitrant. The need for improved preservation procedures has given rise to the field of preservation technology. However, few collections are actively involved in preservation protocol research and development.Some workers advocate the use of bead systems for the cryopreservation of bacteria. In this technique, bacteria are inoculated into a commercially available ��bead system�� which are then frozen according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Beads can then be removed and directly placed onto an appropriate nutrient media. Unused beads are then often refrozen. While the method may be very simple, repeated freeze thaw cycles can potentially compromise the genetic integrity of the organisms.5.1.

Technology TransferMany technologies used for the cryopreservation of microorganisms, have been developed in the allied fields of medicine, animal, and plant cell biotechnology and zoology. The techniques employed include vitrification cryopreservation [38, 39], encapsulation [40], and cryopreservation with a host substrate [31]. Vitrification is a technique involving the application of highly concentrated, potentially toxic solutions of cryoprotectants, and has been applied to organisms of many cell types, especially plant cells [41] and human gametes [42] often using the Crytop method [43]. Typically, the vitrification solution that surrounds the cells forms an amorphous glass upon cooling; this prevents the onset of cryoinjury. Samples are rapidly cooled in liquid nitrogen which negates the need for controlled rate cooling.

On resuscitation from the frozen state, samples are warmed and then ��liquefy.�� Care must be taken to ensure that samples do not crack which could cause physical damage to the specimen, and samples must be immediately washed to remove the toxic vitrification mixture. The technique has been applied to a range of fungi with some success [40]. Encapsulation cryopreservation is a technique where cells are embedded in calcium alginate beads prior to cryopreservation, the use of which is now well documented for microorganisms, for example, Serpula lacrymans [44] and monoxenically produced spores of the Glomeromycota [45]. The application of encapsulation has two main benefits; firstly the water content of cells can be reduced by osmotic treatment or drying which decreases the prospects of ice damage or concentration effects during the cooling stage of the cryopreservation procedure and secondly, it allows cells to be easily handled GSK-3 and manipulated by providing a suitable suspending matrix. Specimens are then rapidly ��plunge�� cooled with no need for controlled rate cooling.

Besides, the LOX gene showed an increased accumulation DAPT secretase 208255-80-5 of transcripts in the olive fruit during ripening (Figure 3), which coincides with a decrease in the synthesis of volatile compounds as detected in olive paste and olive oil aroma. This result indicates that the LOX gene was expressed at late developmental stages of the olive ripening, suggesting that it is probablly linked with the senescence process. Although its contribution to the biosynthesis of the olive oil aroma cannot be ruled out, it exhibits LOX activity in a 2:1 ratio with LA as substrate, as suggested also by Palmieri-Thiers et al. [7].The concentration levels of (E)-2-hexenal are greater in olive oil than in the equivalent olive paste obtained with or without malaxation, regardless of the zone of olive cultivation.

In fact, the volatile compounds formed during crushing and malaxation steps are accumulated into oil generating the characteristic aroma. Besides, using these characteristic metabolic profiles (hexanal, E-2-hexenal, and other aldehydes) in combination with genetic and spectroscopic analyses allows us to set up a strategy for a cultivar and/or geographical origin discrimination of the extra virgin olive oils [35].The olive oil samples collected in each area of olive plants cultivation considered showed the maximum levels of (E)-2-hexenal in 200DAF fruits. An elevated concentration of (E)-2-hexenal was found in all samples obtained from Rende areas, with respect to samples obtained from Mirto-Crosia area (Table 2). These results indicated that LnA was clearly the preferred substrate of LOX enzyme for both environments.

All olive paste samples of Mirto-Crosia area showed a higher content of hexanal+1-hexanol than paste samples obtained from Rende area (Table 1), and this behaviour was even more pronounced for the olive oil sample (Table 2). The (E)-2-hexen-1-ol was present only in olive oils at 170 and 230DAF fruits obtained from Mirto-Crosia area (Table 2). This aspect might be due to an over-activity of the dehydrogenase (ADH) enzymes in these samples. Finally in all samples, the (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate was not detected.3.3. Effects of Malaxation on the Volatile Composition?Tables Tables11 and and22 show the data obtained monitoring the selected volatile compounds in samples of olive pastes kneaded with and without malaxation (t = 0 and t = 30min) (Table 1) and in olive Dacomitinib oils obtained after 30min of malaxation (Table 2). It is important to point out that the amount of the volatile compounds changes with the prolonging of malaxation step, and with the olive ripening stage.

According to the Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation [5], stakeholders should be identified (Standard U1) and their views should be taken into account (Standard F2). selleck catalog This is consistent with the framework of utilization-focused evaluation [6], which posited that relevant stakeholders should also be involved in the evaluation process. From the interpretive and constructivist perspectives, as the reality is fluid, it is important to look at the experiences of different stakeholders. Politically and practically speaking, collecting views from the program implementers can definitely give a more balanced view about the program effect and thereby facilitate the program implementation process.Second, as program implementers are usually more experienced than the clients, it can be argued that their views may be more ��accurate�� than those of the clients.

For example, in adolescent prevention programs, it is common to ask the program participants and workers regarding their perceptions of the program design, objectives, and rationales. It seems that the program implementers in this context possess better skills and experience in judging the quality of the program designed. Similarly, with their professional training and experience, workers will be in a better position to assess the effectiveness of the program and they can view the program from a deeper perspective.Third, it can be argued that subjective outcome evaluation based on the perspective of the worker would facilitate reflective practice.

Osterman and Kottkamp [7] noted that professionals’ needs and desires for feedback about their own performance and personal reflections can lead to professional growth and development. Similarly, Taggart and Wilson [8] highlighted the role of reflective practice in teaching. Because reflective practice has become more critical in different disciplines, such as education and social work, the practice of subjective outcome evaluation can help professionals to reflect on the program they delivered and to assess their input and quality of the implementation. In short, subjective outcome evaluation based on the perspective of the workers can facilitate reflective practice among program implementers.Fourth, the inclusion of subjective outcome evaluation based on the worker’s perspective can give them a sense of fairness, which is an important determinant of the morale of the workers.

Obviously, if only the program participants are asked to assess the program implementers, the workers may think the evaluation AV-951 is rather unfair because only the voices of the program participants are heard. Furthermore, when the workers are invited to express their views and thoughts freely, they will feel more respected and less likely to view themselves as the victims of consumerism.

Statistical analyses were performed using the SAS version 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc., USA) applying the one-way ANOVA test. Ponatinib mechanism Means were compared using the Duncan’s multiple range test; when the P value was less than 0.05, the difference was regarded as statistically significant.2.5. Construction of Gene-Replacement Vector, pN1389PKACFor the construction of the CgPKAC replacement, the gene’s 5�� region (?643 to +52) and 3�� region (+930 to +1306) were amplified from pGEM-PKAC. Both fragments were subcloned into vector pN1389 carrying a hygromycin expression resistance gene, resulting in the pN1389PKAC replacement plasmid. The 5�� region was amplified by PCR with PKACpN5-F and PKACpN5-R primers (Table 1) containing terminal KpnI and BamHI sites, while the 3�� region was amplified with primers PKACpN3-F and PKACpN3-R (Table 1), containing terminal SdaI and SphI restriction sites, respectively.

Both fragments were cloned into pGEM-T Easy, resulting in pGEM-PKAC5�� and pGEM-PKAC3��. Subsequently, Plasmid pN1389 was digested with KpnI/BamHI and ligated with 695bp of the CgPKAC 5�� region fragment to produce plasmid pN1389PKAC5. Following that, pN1389PKAC5 was digested with SdaI/SphI and ligated with 376bp of the CgPKAC 3�� region fragment to produce the gene-replacement vector, pN1389-PKAC.2.6. Transformation-Mediated Gene ReplacementPreparation of spheroplasts and transformation of C. gloeosporioides were performed according to methods described by Rodriguez and Redman [17]. Transformants were selected on regeneration medium containing hygromycin B (300��gmL?1) (Sigma, USA).

Before transformation, pN1389-PKAC was linearized with the Kpn1 restriction endonuclease and precipitated with ethanol. Subsequently 20��g of DNA were transformed into C. gloeosporioides sphaeroplasts.2.7. Genomic DNA and RNA Blot AnalysesDNA digestion, agarose gel fractionation, labeling of probes, and hybridization were performed according to Cilengitide the manufacturer’s instructions and standard methods [18]. The 2.5kb of full length CgPKAC or 695bp of the 5��CgPKAC fragment were labeled with [��-32P] dCTP using the Ready To Go DNA Labeling kit (-dCTP) (Amersham, USA). Hybridization was carried out with hybridization buffer [1M Na2HPO4?2H2O, 1M NaH2PO4, 0.5M EDTA, 0.1% (w/v) SDS] at 65��C for 4h for prehybridization and hybridized overnight after the labeled probes were added. The membrane was washed at 65��C with 2X SSC for 10min followed by 2X SSC and 0.1% SDS, 1X SSC and 0.1% SDS, and finally 0.5X SSC and 0.1% SDS until the radioactivity signal was low. The washed blots were exposed to Fuji film for various times at ?80��C.2.8. Appressorium Induction on a Hydrophobic Hard SurfaceInduction of appressorium was tested on a glass slide coated with rubber wax.

Generally, it is very difficult to distinguish between soil and BTB06584? fly ash contribution. However, resuspension of soil particles during wintertime, particularly when the ground is frozen, seems to be less important process than combustion. The second factor (F2) explained from 13 to 30% of the variance and was probably associated with industrial pollution sources because Cu, Pb, Cr, Mn, Fe, and As are known to have industrial origin. What is interesting, these metals can represent different types of pollution sources. Table 3VARIMEX normalized rotated factor loadings for a factor analysis on Brzezina PM10 data set. Loadings for which the absolute value is greater than 0.700 are indicated in italic.Daily contributions of each source to ambient PM10 in Brzezina were estimated using FA-MLRA methodology [7].

Figure 3 shows an example of time series of the contributions of the identified sources for the summer period in 2009 and winter in 2011. On the basis of daily contributions, the average mass contributions of each source (SC��source contribution) were calculated and the results are summarized in Table 3 (the last raw). It can be seen in Table 3 that the average mass contribution of distant industrial emission sources was 12% and 15% in the summer 2009, 2010 and 6% and 20% in the winter 2010, 2011. Background dust contributed with 61% or 31% of total PM10 mass during the summer campaigns. However, nonidentified sources contributed with about 55% in the summer 2010.

It was probably due to high concentrations of sulphates, nitrates, and a certain amount of organic carbon which are characteristics secondary pollutants and are formed, especially in the summer, when solar radiation and the temperature are high. Secondary pollutants are usually indicative for a long distance transport. However, these pollutants were not measured.Figure 3Daily source contributions to PM10 obtained by FA-MLRA and measured by gravimetry for summer 2009 and winter 2011.Local combustion sources contributed with 79% in winter 2010 and 55% in winter 2011, reflecting serious local problem associated with PM10 air pollution. Generally good compatibility was found between Dacomitinib the measured PM10 concentrations by gravimetry and estimated by FA_MLRA (Figure 3). The squared correlation coefficient, R2, was 0.80 and 0.72 for summer and winter data, respectively. Now, the question is what industrial sources could contribute to total PM10 mass. Trajectory cluster analysis, conditional probability functions (CPF), and potential source contribution functions (PSCF) have been successfully used to identify transport paths and source areas [21�C23].